(1) Background: The aims of this study are to explore what beliefs children and adolescents manifest about the cause of the pain they describe, to compare whether there are differences between beliefs by age and the persistence of pain, and to relate the explanations of the cause of pain with current scientific evidence. (2) Methods: a cross-sectional qualitative study was used. The primary endpoint of the study was obtaining explanations of the cause of pain recorded by means of an open-ended question. The participants were school-age children attending a charted school in the province of Barcelona. (3) Results: The children and adolescents proposed a diverse range of explanations for the cause of pain that they reported in their responses. The most frequent explanation for the cause of pain were pathologies and injuries (45.95%), ergonomic issues (22.60%) and psychological issues (15.95%). (4) Conclusions: There is a lot of variety in the explanations that young people give about the cause of their pain in schoolchildren aged between 10 and 16 years old. There exists a high prevalence of explanations non-associated with tissue damage (ENAD) concerning the causes of pain described. It is necessary that future health prevention programs dedicated to early ages consider which beliefs about the cause of pain are the most frequent in the pediatric population.

Introduction: Chronic pain in childhood is a prevalent issue affecting approximately 20% of young people aged 8–16 years. This condition negatively impacts their quality of life, as well as their physical, psychological, and social functioning. In recent years, Pain Science Education has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the conceptualization of pain and mitigate maladaptive pain-related behaviours in children and teenagers. The primary aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the Pain Science Education programme called “Learning Pain” in improving the conceptualization of pain amongst 11–13-year-old children enrolled in their first year of middle school.Materials and methods: A randomised controlled trial with single-blind parallel groups was conducted. Five participating institutes were randomly assigned to either the experimental group, which received the Pain Science Education intervention through the “Learning Pain” programme consisting of two sessions spaced 1 month apart, or the control group, which underwent only study assessments. Both groups underwent initial assessment and follow-up evaluations at 1 month (short term), 7 months (medium-term), and 13 months (long-term). The main outcome measure was the conceptualization of pain, assessed using the Conceptualization of Pain Questionnaire (COPAQ).Results: The “Learning Pain” programme, a specific Pain Science Education intervention, demonstrated effectiveness in improving the conceptualization of pain at 1, 7, and 13 months follow-up assessments.Discussion: The “Learning Pain” programme, a specific Pain Science Education intervention, enhances the conceptualization of pain in adolescents aged 11–13 years over short, medium, and long-term periods.