When one-way ANOVA is statistically significant, a multiple comparison problem arises, hence post-hoc tests are needed to elucidate between which groups significant differences are found. Different post-hoc tests have been proposed for each situation regarding heteroscedasticity and sample size groups. This study aims to compare the Type I error (α) rate of 10 post-hoc tests in four different conditions based on heteroscedasticity and balance between-group sample size. A Montecarlo simulation study was carried out on a total of 28 data sets, with 10,000 resamples in each, distributed through four conditions. One-way ANOVA tests and post-hoc tests were conducted to estimate the α rate at a 95% confidence level. The percentage of times the null hypothesis was falsely refused is used to compare the tests. Three out of four conditions demonstrated considerable variability among sample sizes. However, the best post-hoc test in the second condition (heteroscedastic and balance group) did not depend on simple size. In some cases, inappropriate post-hoc tests were more accurate. Homoscedasticity and balance between-group sample size should be considered for appropriate post-hoc test selection.

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (ID: CRD42019122315) to assess the evidence for the effectiveness of contingency management (CM) to promote smoking abstinence among individuals with substance use disorder or in recovery. Databases were PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane, and EBSCO. The primary eligibility criteria for inclusion in our meta-analysis were as follows: any study examining the efficacy of CM for smoking cessation that reported smoking abstinence and/or cigarette reductions. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality assessment tool. Publication bias was examined using Egger's regression intercept, the Begg-Mazumdar test, and Tweedie's trim-and-fill approach. A total of 22 articles were included, and 13 were included in three meta-analyses: abstinence at posttreatment (12 studies), abstinence at follow-up (8 studies), and reduction outcomes at posttreatment (6 studies). CM was superior to comparison arms in smoking abstinence (RR = 2.555; 95% CI [1.730, 3.775]; p < .001) and reduction (SMD = .601; 95% CI [0.372, 0.831]; p < .001) at end-of-treatment. At long-term follow-ups, CM did not show enhanced effects over abstinence beyond those shown in comparison arms (RR = 1.029; 95% CI [0.577, 1.836]; p = .922). Smoking-cessation treatment (all treatments included CM) and smoking abstinence increased the likelihood of abstinence from alcohol and/or illicit drugs. All studies were rated as being of strong or moderate quality, and no marked presence of publication bias was found. CM for smoking cessation in individuals with substance use disorders performs significantly better than control conditions in reducing smoking at end-of-treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Online platforms have transformed gambling into a daily activity for many, raising concerns about its potential harm. Notably, marketing strategies play a crucial role in influencing gambling behaviors and normalizing gambling. This study aims to explore the relationship between monthly marketing expenditure by the gambling industry, the online amount of money bet, and the number of online accounts (active and new) in Spain. A secondary goal is to assess the impact of marketing restrictions under the Spanish Royal Decree 958/2020 on the relationship between marketing and online gambling behavior. Longitudinal study. Data covering January 2013 to December 2023. Dependent variables included: new accounts, active accounts, gambler deposits, and the total money bet. Independent variables included: expenditure on advertising, bonuses, affiliate marketing, and sponsorship. A Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model was employed to assess marketing's impact on online gambling behavior. Findings show that investment in advertising (P ≤ 0.025), promotions (P < 0.001), and sponsorships (P ≤ 0.004) significantly increase the number of new and active accounts, deposits, and total money bet. For instance, it has been estimated that, for every €1 invested in bonuses and sponsorship, gamblers deposit €1.6 and €4 into their accounts, respectively. Moreover, the Spanish law regulating gambling advertising has seemingly weakened the link between marketing expenditure and gambling behavior, with the notable exception of bonuses, where the impact has intensified. These results underline the importance of ongoing monitoring and regulation of gambling behavior in Spain, emphasizing the need for strict adherence to regulations.

There is limited research examining latent profiles of gamers based on emotional variables, which has implications for prevention efforts. The study sought to identify young adult gamer profiles based on depression, anxiety, and stress, and to examine differences between the latent profiles in other addictive behaviors (i.e., tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, illegal substance use, gaming, and gambling). A total of 1209 young adults (M_age = 19.37, SD = 1.62; 55.3%males) reported past-year gaming. A latent profile analysis (LPA) was performed to identify distinct profiles, and a set of ANOVA and chi-square analyses characterized the profiles in terms of sociodemographic, addictive behaviors, and emotional variables. LPA suggested a three-profile solution: profile 1 (n = 660, 'low emotional distress'), profile 2 (n = 377, 'moderate emotional distress'), and profile 3 (n = 172, 'high emotional distress'). Participants with 'moderate' and 'high emotional distress' were mostly women, showed greater gaming severity, higher prevalence of past-month substance use (i.e., tobacco and illegal drugs), and greater consequences of alcohol use. The cross-sectional nature of the study and sample being university students. Findings revealed three distinct profiles of gamers, which differed in emotional, gaming, and substance use severity. Transdiagnostic prevention programs have the potential to provide significant benefits to college students by addressing the core processes (e.g., emotion regulation) that underlie substance use and gaming.