Honey is an important food for man and has been used as a natural sweetener since ancient times. It is a viscous and aromatic product made by honey bees using the nectar of flowers or honeydew. Honey is composed of a complex mixture of carbohydrates and other substances such as organic acids, amino acids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, lipids, aroma compounds, flavonoids, pigments, waxes, pollen grains, several enzymes, and other phytochemicals. This chapter presents some properties of Apis mellifera honey as well as the main methods of honey analysis. All methods are based on specialized literature, including the Codex Alimentarius, AOAC, and publications of the International Honey Commission. Herein, we describe methods related to honey authenticity, botanical origin, geographical origin, physicochemical analysis, radioentomology, pesticide and antibiotic contamination, chemotherapeutics, and sensory analysis. All methods are described in a step-by-step model in order to facilitate their use. La miel es un alimento importante para el hombre y se ha utilizado como edulcorante natural desde la antigüedad. Es un producto viscoso y aromático hecho por las abejas de la miel usando el néctar de las flores o el rocío de miel. La miel está compuesta por una mezcla compleja de carbohidratos y otras sustancias como ácidos orgánicos, aminoácidos, proteínas, minerales, vitaminas, lípidos, compuestos aromáticos, flavonoides, pigmentos, ceras, granos de polen, varias enzimas y otros fitoquímicos. En este capítulo se presentan algunas propiedades de la miel de Apis mellifera, así como los principales métodos de análisis de la miel. Todos los métodos se basan en literatura especializada, incluido el Codex Alimentarius, AOAC y publicaciones de la Comisión Internacional de la Miel. A continuación, describimos métodos relacionados con la autenticidad de la miel, el origen botánico, el origen geográfico, el análisis fisicoquímico, la radioentomología, la contaminación por pesticidas y antibióticos, la quimioterapia y el análisis sensorial. Todos los métodos se describen en un modelo paso a paso para facilitar su uso.

Seventy-three Moroccan honey samples were collected between 2005 and 2008. In this study, water content, pH, acidity (free, lactone and total acidity), electrical conductivity (EC), colour, diastase, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and sugar content were all determined in different types of bee honey which include multifloral, honeydew and nine types of unifloral honeys (Euphorbia resinifera, Euphorbia echinus, Citrus, eucalyptus, carob, thyme, lavender, Ziziphus and rosemary). The moisture shows values of 14.3% and 20.2%, pH between 3.52 and 5.13, the total acidity ranges between 11.94 and 58.03meqkg−1, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content shows values between 0.09 and 53.38mgkg−1; diastase values were between 4.3° and 24.6° Gothe; electrical conductivity between 119.9 and 1741μscm−1 and fructose, glucose and sucrose values range between 35.07–46.26%, 23.7–39.3% and 0.42–2.98%.A statistical analysis was carried out to classify 10 types of honeys, and identified the most significant parameters, using analysis of variance, principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA). PCA showed that the cumulative variance was 74.97% and about 88.9% of samples was correctly classified.The principal aim of this study was to contribute more to the knowledge of the Moroccan honeys by means of the analysis of chemical composition and of physical parameters. Seventy-three Moroccan unifloral, multifloral and honeydew honey samples, including types that have never been studied before, produced in different regions in Morocco (Tables 1 and 2), were analysed to define its main features.As a consequence, we present data on water content, electrical conductivity, pH, free acidity, lactone acidity, total acidity, diastase, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (HMF) amounts, fructose, glucose and sucrose

Apidologie, A Quality Journal in Bee Science