Precipitation is a particularly important part of the Earth’s hydrological cycle and, therefore, is a necessary variable for maintaining natural balance. This study investigated past, present, and future changes in precipitation in the Marmara region, and examined the effects of global warming on this variable. The study period was from 1960 to 2020, and the climate data of 15 synoptic stations in the Marmara region were used for this purpose. To achieve the objectives of the study, linear and 6th order polynomial regression, ombrothermic and hythergraph diagrams, geostatistical models, Mann-Kendall test, Pearson correlation, standard Z-scores, and multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network models (MLP-ANN) were used to model and predict precipitation. The results of the linear regression analysis showed that of the 15 stations, 6 stations had an increasing trend, 6 stations had a trendless pattern, and 3 stations had a decreasing trend. In terms of periodic analysis, the main downward trend started in 1964 and continued until 1992, while the main periodic upward trend started in 1992 and continued until 2016. The synoptic stations in the Marmara region showed a lack of precipitation over six to seven months of the year, and the precipitation changes in the region were stronger than the temperature changes. In addition, the highest precipitation was observed on the southeast coast of the Black Sea, and the lowest precipitation was observed in the eastern parts of the region. Moreover, except for the Bilecik and Kocaeli stations, the changes in the long-term trend of precipitation at the other stations were significant. Among the 15 stations, only the Kocaeli and Sarıyer stations showed a positive correlation with global temperature during the annual period. In addition, the developed ANN model was accurate in simulating and predicting precipitation and showed an upward trend over the next seven years.

Open pit operation type is generally preferred in mining operations due to its applicability on all operable exposed rock grounds, its minimum production loss and high production rate. Especially materials like marble, travertine, limestone, dolomite, calcite and granite are mainly mined by open pit mining. Mined materials are put through breaking, crushing and sifting processes in pit area or facilities established close by. Number of this type of open pit mines in our country has increased in recent years. Open stone pits in Hatay area in the scope of Group 1st, 2nd and 4th as defined in law and environmental problems arising in relation to these are covered in this study. At the first step, stone pit operations in the province were identified by using geology and topography maps, satellite images and field studies. Then, operation potentials and environmental problems arising in relation to these were determined by field studies and surveys and suggestions on solutions were introduced.In the abovementioned studies it is determined that there are up to 90 stone pit operations and businesses in the province area. Swift increase in the number of pits and businesses in last 15 years is noteworthy. Environmental Impact Assessment reports were issued for only 11 of the operations that applied for permits in this time period. Swift increase in the numbers of these pits and lack of concern for environment in their establishment have led to environmental problems caused by these pits; problems like dust, tremors and disruption of natural landscape. Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment reports have to be prepared and operations have to be inspected and carried out in accord with findings of these reports to decrease these problems

Strato-volkan sahalarında yıkıcı etkiler üreten afetlerden birini oluşturan laharlar, volkanik topoğrafyalara özgü enkaz akması şeklindeki kütle hareketleridir. Sıcak ya da soğuk lahar şeklinde sınıflandırılan lahar akıntıları, yakın jeolojik geçmişte Ağrı Dağı’nda da sıklıkla meydana gelmiştir. Özellikle harekete geçen kütle dahilinde bol miktarda kaba detritik malzeme ve kalın piroklastik çökellerin varlığı, lahar oluşumunda başlıca parametrelerdendir. Bunun yanında yüksek eğim değerleri, gelişkin yüzeysel drenaj ağı (barancoslar), sismik aktivite ve tektonik deformasyon diğer önemli faktörlerdendir. Büyük Ağrı Dağı buzulunun erimesi, buzulüstü göllerinin taşması ve sağanak yağışlar ise lahar akışlarını denetleyen diğer önemli bileşenlerdir. Ayrıca Ağrı Dağı Volkanik Kütlesi’nin fumerol safhasında olması, erüptik faaliyetlere bağlı olarak sıcak lahar gelişimlerini tetikleyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada kütlede lahar gelişimini denetleyen mekanizmalar açıklanmış, CBS tabanlı frekans oranı metoduyla volkanik kütlenin lahar duyarlılık analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Jeomorfolojik ve klimatolojik verilerle CBS tabanlı analitik bulgular kütlenin geniş bir kesiminde laharların gelişme potansiyelinin fazla olduğunu göstermektedir. Ağrı Dağı Volkanik Kütlesi’nin eteklerindeki birçok yerleşmenin varlığı da dikkate alındığında lahar tehlikesinin ulusal afet envanteri kapsamına alınması ve mekânsal organizasyonun buna uygun şekillendirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Salt formations exist in Kızılırmak Graben (Central Anatolia, Turkey), which consists of volcano-sedimentary units, and it was stated in previous studies that these formations have a diapiric structure. The adjacent basin, Ayhan Basin, contains bituminous shale and operated coal deposits. For this reason, in this study, it is aimed to investigate the oil and gas potential of the Kızılırmak Graben by conducting TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) analysis on the samples taken from natural cold-water resources by making use of the thought that hydrocarbon generation may come into existence from those units in the Ayhan basin. As a consequence of the analyses performed, hydrocarbons have been brought into the open in all the water samples. The organic geochemical methods have been used to find out the source of hydrocarbons determined in the water resources. The disclosed n-alkane hydrocarbons are the mature petroleum hydrocarbons derived from peat/coal type organic matter (Type III kerogen, gas-prone). These mature hydrocarbon-rich waters can be regarded as evidence for the availability of a working hydrocarbon system associated with possible salt diapir identified by using gravity and magnetic data obtained from the investigation area.

The undisputable significance of water resources necessitates solving problems related to the amount and distribution of water. However, existing methods and the outcomes obtained via these methods are continuously criticized and do not meet the expectations in terms of reliability. On the other hand, increasing need to plan water resources and lack of alternative methods to determine the water potential in areas where flow measurement does not exist make it impossible to evade dependency on these methods. With this purpose generated flexible, comprehensive and reliable runoff distribution map was formed on the basis of weighted overlay in parallel to impact degrees of effective parameters. The calibration of the obtained map was done on the basis of pixels based on both theoretical and empirical data. As a result of the analyses, it was seen that an accurate runoff distribution model that fully reflects the characteristics of the field can only be developed by calibrating it based on the real flow data obtained from remote sub-basins that are free from external interventions. It would be impossible to free the theoretical approaches from errors since these approaches are related to amount of water which has an active nature and interacts with factors that are beyond measure. As a result of implementing the method on Ergene River Basin, the sample basin, a surface runoff volume of an average183,45mm/year/m², i.e. a total of 2100000000m³/year ±2% was obtained for the basin and this result has at least 27% difference from the results obtained with existing methods.