One-dimensional NiMo ₂ C nanowires with a weaker hydrogen binding energy were directly grown onto Ni foam for enhancing the HER.

The S atoms bind to active sites of RGO for the nucleation of MoS₂ and its subsequent growth perpendicular to RGO.

The elaborately synthesized Co nanoparticles encapsulated inside Co and nitrogen co-doped carbon catalysts with homogenous distribution of Co NPs exhibit evidently outstanding performances toward ORR/HER.