Objective: Most multiple sclerosis patients have urological complications such as lower urinary tract symptoms. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of these symptoms and whether they result in a urological evaluation. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 517 multiple sclerosis patients at Tehran’s referral multiple sclerosis center and neurology clinics between 2018 and 2022 was performed. Data were collected through interviews after patients completed informed consent forms. Urological examinations, including urine analysis and ultrasonography, were evaluated as final assessments. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests in Statistical Package for Social Science. Results: Among all participants, the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms was 73% ( n = 384), with urgency (44.8% n = 232) being the most common symptom. The prevalence of intermittency was significantly higher among women ( p = 0.004). There was no gender-significant difference in terms of the prevalence of other symptoms ( p > 0.050). Lower urinary tract symptoms were significantly correlated with age, clinical course, disease duration, and disability ( p < 0.001). Additionally, 37.3% and 18.7% of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms, as well as 17.9% and 37.5% of patients with multiple sclerosis attacks, respectively, had undergone urine analysis and ultrasonography. Conclusion: Multiple sclerosis patients rarely undergo urological evaluations during the course of their disease. Proper assessment is essential as these symptoms are among the most detrimental manifestations of this disease.

Background: To investigate urodynamic abnormalities associated with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in toilet-trained children. Methods: The data of 157 children who were diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux and referred to our hospital between 2013 and 2022 were retrospectively examined. The urodynamic parameters were analyzed and correlated with age, gender, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), reflux severity, and laterality. Results: Overall, 131 (83.4%) patients had abnormal urodynamic findings with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.4. The most common pathological finding was detrusor overactivity (DO), identified in 101 (64.3%) patients, followed by dysfunctional voiding (DV) in 74 (50.3%) patients. Children with VUR grades II and III exhibited a greater percentage of abnormal urodynamic findings than children with grades IV and V. The prevalence of DO was higher in children younger than 10 years old with unilateral and lower-grade VURs. DV was more frequent in children older than 10 years, with bilateral VUR, and higher grade VUR. The prevalence of LUTS, bowel and bladder dysfunction (BBD), and urinary tract infection (UTI) was higher among children with abnormal urodynamic findings. Conclusions: Children with VUR have a high incidence of urodynamic disorders. Urodynamic dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of VUR, especially in mild cases.

Background/Aim: To identify correlations between urodynamic study (UDS) findings and urinary symptoms in children with refractory monosymptomatic and nonmonosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis.Materials and Methods: A total of 96 neurologically normal children were enrolled, 44 consecutive boys and 51 consecutive girls, aged 5–18 years, of whom 41 (38.8%) had refractory monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) and 55 (61.2%) had refractory non‐MNE (NMNE). We assessed the urodynamics of all children to detect any underlying bladder overactivity. A comparative analysis was carried out between the two groups of patients.Results: Detrusor overactivity (DO), low bladder capacity, low compliance, and increased postvoid residual (PVR) were identified in 70 (72.9%), 35 (36.5%), 43, and 76 (79.2%) patients, respectively. The mean bladder compliance was 21.66 ± 14.52 mL/cmH₂O (2–75 cmH₂O). Of the NMNE patients, 50 (90.9%) had abnormal urodynamic findings, while 40 (97.5%) had abnormal urodynamic findings in the MNE group. There was a statistically significant relationship between NMNE and both increased PVR and abnormal voiding patterns. Both high PVR and DO were significantly associated with obstructive urinary symptoms. Constipation and history of urinary tract infection (UTI) did not significantly correlate with UDS abnormality (p = 1.0 and p = 0.49, respectively).Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of bladder function disorders in both refractory MNE and NMNE patients in our study. This included small functional capacity, low bladder compliance, and marked DO. A nocturnal enuresis may be the only presenting symptom, however, it may be associated with bladder overactivity, UTI, and constipation; the UDS findings may aid in guiding the assessment and treatment of children suffering from primary refractory nocturnal enuresis and its association with bladder and bowel symptoms.

Zinner Syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly. It is considered a rare cause of male infertility and can cause a range of clinical manifestations that may lead to significant morbidity. The diagnosis of Zinner Syndrome requires a high index of suspicion, combined with a detailed clinical evaluation and imaging studies. Ultrasonography, computed tomography, and MRI are the imaging modalities of choice for the diagnosis of this condition. Radiological evaluation also plays a crucial role in the management of Zinner Syndrome. In symptomatic cases, surgical intervention may be necessary, and radiology is essential for surgical planning and postoperative monitoring. In this case report, we describe an uncommon case of a 35-year-old patient with vague scrotal pain and discuss the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of this rare condition. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is important to prevent the potential morbidity associated with this condition, such as recurrent epididymitis, urinary tract infections, and infertility.

Background: Pelvic organ descent is a common gynecological disorder called pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Conservative care and surgical repair are women’s primary treatments for pelvic organ prolapse. Modifying risk factors is a crucial keystone to reducing its prevalence. Methods: This unmatched case-control study was conducted at a Tehran referral hospital (June 15 to September 10, 2020) and involved 287 participants (139 cases, 148 controls). Structured questionnaires gathered socio-demographic, obstetric, health, and lifestyle data. Analyses encompassed univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Among cases, 69 (49.6%) had anterior prolapse, 46 (33.1%) had posterior prolapse, and 24 (17.3%) experienced complete prolapse. The mean age of participants with POP was 62.7 ± 10.7 years compared to 44.5 ± 12.7 years for controls. Risk factors significantly associated with POP included higher BMI (28.01 ± 4.7 vs 26.18 ± 4.6; p = 0.002), gravidity (4.49 ± 2.89 vs 2.18 ± 1.63; p < 0.001), vaginal deliveries (3.60 ± 2.07 vs 1.03 ± 1.57; p < 0.001), prolonged labor (12.2% vs 2.7%; OR: 4.91, 95% CI: 1.61–14.99), and comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (30.2% vs 8.8%; OR: 4.49, 95% CI: 2.29–8.83) and hypertension (34.5% vs 6.8%; OR: 7.28, 95% CI: 3.50–15.12). Protective factors included higher education levels and a history of cesarean delivery (mean cesarean count: 0.31 ± 0.72 vs 0.78 ± 0.88; p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study highlights key risk factors for POP among Iranian women, emphasizing the need for targeted preventive strategies. Public health interventions addressing these factors may reduce the burden of POP in developing regions.