Cadmium (Cd) is an important environmental heavy metal and one of the main soil pollutants in southwest China and even the Yangtze River Basin because of its toxicity to plants and humans. To clarify the potential of Euryops pectinatus L. and Gardenia jasminoides J. and the mechanism they use to remediate Cd-contaminated soil, a soil pot experiment with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg kg⁻¹ of Cd was used to investigate the accumulation characteristics, subcellular distribution, chemical forms, and the antioxidative defense systems of the two ornamental plants. When the concentration of Cd was below 40 mg kg⁻¹, it promoted the growth of E. pectinatus shoots, and the tolerance index (TI) was >1. However, 20–40 mg kg⁻¹ Cd significantly inhibited the growth of G. jasminoides, and the TI was <1. The shoots of both varieties accumulated more Cd than the roots, and the E. pectinatus shoots accumulated more Cd (1.45 mg plant⁻¹) than those of G. jasminoides (0.71 mg plant⁻¹). The Cd in E. pectinatus and G. jasminoides was primarily distributed in the soluble fraction (52.83–68.97%) and cell walls (44.62–54.98%), respectively. Higher proportions of Cd bound to NaCl and acetic acid (HAc) in E. pectinatus (55.32–73.44%) than in G. jasminoides (42.94–61.58%), while the inorganic and water-soluble proportions of Cd bound in the opposite manner. E. pectinatus maintained high activities of antioxidant enzymes under Cd treatments, and its levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and relative electrical conductivity (REC) were comparable to those of the control. Nonetheless, G. jasminoides had low levels of activity of antioxidant enzymes, but its levels of MDA and REC were significantly higher than those of the control under the 20–40 mg kg⁻¹ Cd treatment. Therefore, both types of plants have a strong ability to tolerate and accumulate Cd, which makes them suitable for the remediation of Cd-polluted soil. However, E. pectinatus is more effective at remediating Cd and tolerant to it than G. jasminoides. These plants utilize different mechanisms to detoxify Cd.

Iron-based catalysts with high load content of iron sulfide (FeS) were commonly peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) activators to degrade organic pollutants but limited catalytic efficiency and increased risk of ferrous ion leaching restricted their use. Meanwhile, various biomass materials such as straw, peel, and branch have been extensively prepared into biochar for mechanical support for iron-based catalysts; however, the preparation process of biochar was energy-intensive. In this study, FeS nanoparticles modified rape straw composites (RS–FeS) encapsulated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (RS–EDTA–FeS) were successfully presented by in-situ synthesis method for efficiently activating PMS and H₂O₂ to degrade oxytetracycline (OTC), which was economical and environmentally friendly. The results showed that the modified rape straw can remove OTC efficiently, and the addition of EDTA also significantly enhanced the stability and the reusability of the catalyst. In addition, EDTA also promoted the activation of H₂O₂ at neutral pH. The OTC degradation efficiency of the two catalysts by PMS was faster than that of H₂O₂, but H₂O₂ had a stronger ability to remove OTC than PMS. The highest OTC removal efficiency of RS–FeS and RS–EDTA–FeS were 87.51 and 81.15%. O₂^•– and ¹O₂ were the major reactive oxidative species (ROS) in the PMS system. Furthermore, compared with RS–FeS, the addition of EDTA inhabited the generation of O₂^•– in the PMS system. Instead, O₂^•– and ^•OH were the major ROS in the H₂O₂ system, but ¹O₂ was also identified in RS–FeS/H₂O₂ system. RS–EDTA–FeS showed a trend of rising first and then decreasing in recycle test. Instead, the removal rate of OTC by RS–FeS decreased significantly with the increase in reuse times. In the actual wastewater test, the TOC removal of two catalysts active by H₂O₂ was better than PMS, which was consistent with the test results of OTC, indicating that the two catalysts have application value in the removal of organic pollutants in actual wastewater. This study directly used plant materials as catalysts and omits the preparation process of biochar, greatly reduces the preparation cost and secondary pollution of catalysts, and provides theoretical support for the deepening of advanced oxidation technology.

The co-application of biochar, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and phosphorus- and potassium-bearing minerals has emerged as a promising strategy for improving soil nutrient availability. However, the synergistic effects and impact factors that facilitate this optimization are yet to be fully elucidated. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a pot experiment to evaluate the effects of these amendments on tea yield and phosphorus (P)/potassium (K) availability, while employing Random Forest (RF) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to reveal the underlying mechanisms driving these improvements. The results demonstrated that the tripartite combination significantly enhanced tea yield, leaf P/K concentrations, and soil available P (AP)/available K (AK) levels compared to individual applications or pairwise combinations. Analytical modeling identified Chloroflexi bacteria containing pqqc functional genes as key drivers of AP enhancement. The AP was further modulated by β-glucosidase activity, NaHCO₃-P, and AK levels. Critical determinants of AK dynamics included phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial populations, catalase activity, and fundamental soil chemical properties. In summary, our research conclusively shows that the co-application of phosphorus- and potassium-bearing minerals, PGPR, and biochar represents an effective approach to enhancing P and K accessibility in soil, thereby offering a viable alternative to conventional P and K fertilizers in tea cultivation.

In this study, bacterial α-diversity, represented by Chao1 richness and Shannon diversity, was quantified and mapped across the acidic red and yellow soils of southern China by integrating a comprehensive meta-database of 920 georeferenced observations with multi-source environmental data and machine-learning models. Chao1 and Shannon were modeled using Random Forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, and Support Vector Machine algorithms. Among these, Random Forest consistently achieved the highest predictive accuracy and robustness (R² > 0.83). SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis revealed that soil pH acted as the fundamental filter for both diversity dimensions, while they were further shaped by distinct environmental controls. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) negatively constrained species richness, reflecting the prevalence of intensively managed monoculture systems in this region, whereas temperature exerted a strong negative control on community evenness. Spatial predictions showed pronounced regional contrasts among the Southwest, Middle–Lower Yangtze, and Southern China agricultural zones, with uncertainty patterns closely linked to terrain complexity and data density. The results demonstrate that bacterial richness and evenness respond to distinct yet interacting environmental controls, highlighting the necessity of multidimensional diversity assessment. This study provides a scalable and interpretable framework for digital soil mapping of microbial diversity, offering spatially explicit insights for managing acid-sensitive agroecosystems under environmental change.