Objective: Recent literature suggests that goal‐oriented and family‐based interventions in enriched environment have a beneficial effect on neuromotor and cognitive development. We aimed to examine the short‐term effects of SAFE (Sensory strategies, Activity‐based motor training, Family collaboration, and Environmental Enrichment) early intervention approach on motor, cognitive, speech and language, and sensory development in preterm infants.Methods: The study's sample population consisted of 24 preterm infants with corrected ages between 9 and 10 months. Infants in the control group participated in the family training program in accordance with the neurodevelopmental therapy principles (NDT). Infants in the treatment group were included in the family training program according to the principles of the SAFE Early Intervention Approach. Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development‐Infant Scale (AHEMD‐IS), Test of Sensory Functions in Infants (TSFI), Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), and Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (Bayley III) were used to evaluate infants in both groups before and after 10 weeks of treatment (AHEMD‐IS). The Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale Short Form was used to assess the parents’ mental health (DASS‐SF).Results: The interaction effects (time × group) revealed significant differences for Bayley‐III cognitive and language scores, TSFI total score, and AHEMD‐IS total score in favor of the SAFE group (p < .05). However, there were no differences in Bayley‐III motor composite score, COPM Performance score, and COPM Satisfaction score between the interaction effects (time × group) of the groups (p > .05).Conclusions: SAFE early intervention approach improved cognitive, speech and language, sensory outcomes and provide enriched home environment in all domains when compared to NDT‐based home program. SAFE is a promising novel early intervention approach for preterm infants.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish the reliability of the Turkish translation of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in infants at 8-12 months corrected age and compare Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination scores to other predictive assessments. Materials and Methods: Perinatal risk factors, term-age magnetic resonance imaging, general movements at 3-month corrected age, and 12-month corrected age The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III) scores were obtained in 35 high-risk infants. The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination was evaluated using intra-rater and interrater reliability. Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination scores were compared to the findings from the three other assessments. Results: Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability was high (intraclass correlation coefficient = 1.00; intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.969, P < .001, 95% CI = 0.939-0.984, respectively). Global Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination scores were significantly lower in infants with magnetic resonance imaging evidence of brain injury than without (P < .05) and in infants without general movements Fidgety movements (P < .05), than with. There was a significant positive correlation between global Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination scores and Bayley Scales-III cognitive (P < .001), language (P < .001), and motor composite scores (P < .001). Conclusion: This study strongly supports the use of the Turkish translation of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination. Users found it readily understandable and easy to use, and the scores were consistent with 3 different methods of predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes. These findings will aid the early diagnosis, management, and support for children with neurodevelopmental problems. Cite this article as: Adiguzel H, Unal Sarikabadayi Y, Apaydin U, et al. Turkish validity and reliability of the Hammersmith infant neurological examination (HINE) with high risk infant group: A preliminary study. Turk Arch Pediatr. 2022;57(2):151-159.

Amaç: Öğretmenlerde, mesleki yüklenmelerden dolayı bel ağrısı sıklıkla görülen bir durumdur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, öğretmenlerde yaş, vücut kitle indeksi (VKİ), çalışma postürü ve çalışma yılının bel ağrısıyla olan ilişkisini incelemektir. Yöntem: Çalışmaya 88 öğretmen (44 erkek, 44 bayan) dahil edildi. Öğretmenlerin ortalama yaşları 39,78 ± 9,14 yıl, ortalama boy uzunluğu 169,69 ± 8,77 cm, ortalama vücut ağırlığı 73,83 ± 14,92 kg, ortalama VKİ 25,53 ± 4,28 kg/m 2 ve ortalama yıllık çalışma süreleri 15,36 ± 9,54 yıl idi. Öğretmenlerin bel ağrısı ile ilgili şikayetleri Quebec Bel Ağrısı Özürlülük Ölçeği (QBAÖÖ) ile değerlendirilirken, çalışma postürleri için Ovako Çalışma Postürü Analiz Sistemi (OÇPAS) kullanıldı. Bel ağrısı etkilenim derecesi ile yaş, VKİ, çalışma postürü ve çalışma yılı arasındaki ilişki Spearman korelasyon katsayısı kullanılarak incelendi. Sonuçlar: Çalışma yılı ile QBAÖÖ skoru arasında (rho:0,281 p:0,008) düşük derecede pozitif korelasyon bulundu. Yaş ile QBAÖÖ skoru arasında (rho:0,350 p:0,001) orta derecede pozitif korelasyon bulundu. OÇPAS ile QBAÖÖ (rho:0,28 p:0,007) skoru arasında düşük derecede pozitif korelasyon bulunurken, VKİ ile QBAÖÖ (rho:0,036 p:0,741) skoru arasında herhangi bir ilişki görülmedi. OÇPAS skorlama sonuçlarına göre öğretmenlerin çalışma postürü risk seviyesi; % 58’inde (n:51) kategori 1, % 30,7’sinde (n:27) kategori 2, % 10,2’sinde (n:9) kategori 3, % 1,1’inde (n:1) kategori 4 olarak bulundu. Tartışma: Bu sonuçlara göre yaş, çalışma yılı ve çalışma postürünün öğretmenlerde bel ağrısı özürlülük düzeyi ile ilişkili olduğu görüldü. Bu nedenle öğretmenlere de bel ağrısı ile ilgili ergonomik eğitim verilmesi, çalışma yılı ve yaşı ilerlemiş olan öğretmenlerde çalışma saatleri ve dinlenme periyotlarının düzenlenmesi önerilmektedir.

There is not enough evidence regarding the effects of trunk control on respiratory muscle strength and activities of daily living (ADL) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). This study was planned to investigate the effects of trunk control on respiratory muscle strength and ADL in children with spastic CP. A total of 34 children with spastic CP (M ± SD age, 9.3 ± 2.4 years) and 30 typical peers (M ± SD age, 9.7 ± 2.1 years) were included in the study. Trunk control was evaluated by the Trunk Control Measurement Scale (TCMS), ADL was evaluated by Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), and respiratory muscle strength was evaluated by mouth pressure meter. The trunk control, respiratory muscle strength, and ADL of the children with spastic CP were significantly lower than their typically peers (P < 0.001, respectively). There were statistically significant correlations between the trunk control and maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) (r = 0.503, P < 0.05), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) (r = 0.465, P < 0.05), mobility subscale of Functional Skills Scale of PEDI (FSS-MS) (r = 0.570, P < 0.001), self-care subscale of Caregiver Assistance Scale of PEDI (CAS-SS) (r = 0.431, P < 0.05), mobility subscale of Caregiver Assistance Scale of PEDI (CAS-MS) (r = .607, P < 0.001), and Gross Motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS) (r = -0.522, P < 0.05) in children with spastic CP. In addition, MIP, MEP, PEDI FSS-MS, CAS-SS, and CAS-MS were independently predictors of trunk control in children with spastic CP. The results of this study demonstrate that trunk control in children with spastic CP is correlated positively to MIP, MEP values and their daily living activities and we suggest this should be taken into account when planning an intervention to improve the ability of daily living function for children with spastic CP. Keywords: Cerebral Palsy; Trunk Control; Respiratory Muscle Strength; Activities of Daily Living