Background: Vitamin D deficiency causes the bone hypomineralization disorder osteomalacia in humans and is associated with many non-skeletal disorders. We aim to estimate the global and regional prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in people aged 1 year or older from 2000 to 2022.Methods: We systematically searched Web of Science, PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Scopus, and Google databases on December 31, 2021, and updated them on August 20, 2022, without language and time restrictions. Meanwhile, we identified references of relevant system reviews and eligible articles and included the latest and unpublished data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2015–2016 and 2017–2018) database. The studies investigating the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in population-based studies were included. A standardized data extraction form was used to collect information from eligible studies. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to estimate the global and regional prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. We stratified meta-analyses by latitude, season, six WHO regions, the World Bank income groups, gender, and age groups. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021292586).Findings: Out of 67,340 records searched, 308 studies with 7,947,359 participants from 81 countries were eligible for this study, 202 (7,634,261 participants), 284 (1,475,339 participants), and 165 (561,978 participants) studies for the prevalence of serum 25(OH)D <30, <50, and <75 nmol/L, respectively. We found that globally, 15.7% (95% CrI 13.7–17.8), 47.9% (95% CrI 44.9–50.9), and 76·6% (95% CrI 74.0–79.1) of participants had serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels less than 30, 50, and 75 nmol/l, respectively; the prevalence slightly decreased from 2000–2010 to 2011–2022, but it was still at a high level; people living in high latitude areas had a higher prevalence; the prevalence in winter-spring was 1.7 (95% CrI 1.4–2.0) times that in summer-autumn; the Eastern Mediterranean region and Lower-middle-income countries had a higher prevalence; females were vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency; gender, sampling frame, detection assays, sampling region, time of data collection, season, and other factors contributed to heterogeneity between the included studies.Interpretation: Globally, vitamin D deficiency remained prevalent from 2000 to 2022. The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency would increase the global burden of disease. Therefore, governments, policymakers, health workers, and individuals should attach importance to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and take its prevention as a public health priority.Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021292586, PROSPERO CRD42021292586.

Introduction: In spine surgery, poor bone condition is associated with several complications like adjacent segment fractures, proximal junctional kyphosis, and screw loosening. Our study explored the prevalence of osteoporosis in spinal surgery patients older than 50 years through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the PRISMA criteria. Three electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, were searched from inception to August 2022. We used the random-effects model to calculate the overall estimates, and the heterogeneity was measured using Cochran’s Q and I² tests. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were used to determine the source of the heterogeneity. Results: Based on the inclusion and criteria, we chose ten studies with 2958 individuals for our analysis. The prevalence of osteoporosis, osteopenia, and osteoporosis/osteopenia in the spinal surgery patients was 34.2% (95%CI: 24.5%–44.6%), 43.5% (95%CI: 39.8%–47.2%), and 78.7% (95%CI: 69.0%–87.0%), respectively. Regarding different diagnoses, the prevalence was highest in patients with lumbar scoliosis (55.8%; 95%CI: 46.8%-64.7%) and the lowest in patients with cervical disc herniation (12.9%; 95%CI: 8.1%-18.7%). In age groups 50–59, 50–69,70–79, the prevalence was 27.8%, 60.4%, 75.4% in females, and 18.9%, 17.4%, 26.1% in males. Conclusions: This study showed a high prevalence of osteoporosis in patients undergoing spine surgery, especially in females, people of older age, and patients who received degenerative scoliosis and compression fractures. Current osteoporosis screening standards for patients undergoing spine surgery may not be adequate. Orthopedic specialists should make more efforts regarding preoperative osteoporosis screening and treatment.

Inflammation plays a crucial role in kidney damage after crush syndrome (CS). Several researchers report that high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) may be the vital trigger in kidney damage, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) are involve in this pathophysiological process, but their biological roles are unclear. This study aimed to explore the relationship between HMGB1, JNK, and TNF-α in kidney damage. The crush injury model was established using weight compression. The reliability of the crush injury model was determined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Western blot was used to detect the expression of HMGB1, JNK, and TNF-α, and TUNEL was used to mark apoptotic cells in the renal cortex. The results showed that the highest expression of HMGB1 in muscle was 12 h after CS. JNK and TNF-α increased and peaked at 1 day after CS in kidneys. Western blot analysis revealed that anti-HMGB1 antibody could downregulate the expression of JNK and TNF-α. Anti-TNF-α could downregulate activation of JNK, and SP600125 could downregulate expression of TNF-α in the kidneys. In addition, anti-HMGB1 antibody, anti-TNF-α antibody, and SP600125 could reduce cellular apoptosis in the renal cortex. It is possible that JNK and TNF-α commonly contribute to kidney damage by assembling a positive feedback cycle after CS, leading to increased apoptosis in the renal cortex. HMGB1 from the muscle may be the trigger.

Bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescence is a crucial determinant in osteoporosis and fragility fractures in older age. Vitamin E is the most abundant lipid-soluble antioxidant present in the blood. However, the association of vitamin E status with BMD in children and adolescents remains unclear. We first measured the association of vitamin E status (serum α- and γ tocopherol) with BMD in children and adolescents with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multiple linear regression models were performed to evaluate their relationship after adjusting for a large range of covariates. Stratified analyses and interaction tests were used to explore their effects on different genders, ages, and races/ethnicities. 13,606 children and adolescents from NHANES (2005–2006, 2017–2018) were included in our analysis. Compared with the lowest α-tocopherol quartile, individuals in the highest α-tocopherol quartile are likelier to be Non-Hispanic White and have a higher value of poverty income ratio (PIR). They have a lower value of serum phosphorus and lumbar spine BMD. Every 1umol/L increase in serum α- and γ- tocopherol, the lumbar spine BMD decreased by -0.0016 and -0.0068 g/cm². Compared with the lowest quartile serum α- and γ- tocopherol concentration, individuals in the highest quartile have a -0.0223 and -0.0329 g/cm² lower mean BMD, respectively. Interaction effects suggest that the negative effect is more prominent among female youth, individuals aged 8–13 years, non-Hispanic whites, Mexican Americans, and non-Hispanic blacks. Our study indicates serum α- and γ-tocopherol are negatively correlated with lumbar BMD. Age, gender, and race may have a modifying effect on this relationship. Our study has an important clinical implication. A higher vitamin E status for children and adolescents could not improve BMD, even decrease BMD. More prospective research with stronger evidence is needed to verify our findings and their underlying mechanisms.

Background: Body weight has been recognized as a driving factor of osteoarthritis. Few studies had investigated the association between weight status across adulthood and risk of osteoarthritis (OA). This study investigates the association of weight change patterns across adulthood (lasting at least 25 years) with the risk of OA from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2018. Methods: The study assessed the relationship between weight change across adulthood and OA in 7392 individuals aged > 50 spanning a minimum of 25 years. Multivariate linear regression analyses were utilized to detect the association between weight change patterns and self-reported OA. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to examine the nonlinear relationship between absolute weight change and OA risk. Results: From 10 years ago to survey, the risk of OA was 1.34-fold (95% CI 1.07–1.68) in people changed from obese to non-obese, 1.61-fold (95% CI 1.29–2.00) in people change from non-obese to obese, and 1.82-fold (95% CI 1.49–2.22) in stable obese people compared with people who were at stable normal weight. Similar patterns were also observed at age 25 years to baseline and age 25 years to 10 years before the baseline. The dose–response association of RCS found a U-shaped relationship between absolute weight change and OA risk. Conclusions: The study suggests that weight patterns across adulthood are associated with the risk of OA. These findings stressed important to maintain a normal weight throughout adulthood, especially to prevent ignored weight gain in early adulthood to reduce OA risk later.