Identifying and evaluating any threat against the critical infrastructures, including history, methods, abilities, and motivations, is essential for crisis management and cities' passive defense. Threats, including natural and unnatural (man-made), are directed at cities' critical assets and infrastructures. Essential assets are considered valuable components, so the slightest malfunction or damage to the body causes damage to the system. This study uses Tehran, the capital of Iran, as a case study to identify and assess man-made dangers to cities and their vital resources. This work creates an innovative integrated MCDM approach that can handle information ambiguity in crisis management. Therefore, at this stage of identifying man-made threats, library methods and interviews with experts were used, and multi-criteria decision-making techniques were implemented. Moreover, this research benefits from the grey Best-Worst method (BWM) to evaluate the research criteria and grey Measurement of Alternatives and Ranking according to COmpromise Solution (MARCOS) to rank the threats. The research findings indicated that the three main threats to Tehran city are cyber, military, and terrorist attacks. Finally, a sensitivity analysis based on two practical experiments is done, and research results are verified.

Tehran, the capital of Iran, is the largest and most populous city in Iran, which is of great importance due to its large population and abundant infrastructure. One of the most critical issues in this city is its need for resilience against all kinds of threats, including natural hazards, because its development was not based on territorial geography. In other words, in developing this 700 square kilometer area, attention has yet to be paid to its different zones. Different zones include the mountains, Shemiranat’s alluvial cone area, the Tehran plain, etc. Main and minor faults, surface and underground water resources of the land, differences in formations between various parts of the land, the microclimate of the land in its multiple aspects, local and synoptic air currents, etc., have not been influential in urban development. The most crucial goal of this study is to identify and screen natural hazards in Tehran to improve this city’s resilience by introducing a novel integrated MCDM method based on ANP and The Combined Compromise Solution method with Maximum Variance (MV-CoCoSo). Therefore, to increase the strength of Tehran against these disasters, the natural hazards of Tehran must first be identified and ranked. In this regard, practical criteria for evaluating Tehran’s resilience were identified using library resources and the formation of expert groups. Then, using the ANP method, the comparative weightings of these effective criteria was investigated. Based on the results obtained, the disaster consequence criterion had the highest importance with a weight of 0.4361, followed by the disaster severity scale criterion with a weight of 0.2371, and the secondary threat possibility criterion (with a weight of 0.1232) was ranked third. Finally, using the MV-CoCoSo method, the natural hazards of Tehran city were classified based on the evaluated criteria. Tehran City’s three significant disasters were earthquakes, floods, and landslides. In addition, two experiments were designed to assess the robustness of the research methodology.

The kind and style of arrangement or location of the subjects, one next to another, is called composition form, which is one of the most crucial steps in the process of designing an architectural atmosphere. The absence of a codified and detailed criterion is the main issue of this research to evaluate the compatibility of various composition forms and also the advantages and disadvantages of each form in civil defense perspective. In order to achieve the mentioned goal, first, all the proposed indicators are extracted by interviewing experts in the related field to assess the composition of architectural forms. A questionnaire is presented to the experts and then the existential necessity degree of each index is evaluated by applying the group decision-making method based on pairwise comparisons model and procedures in order to weigh the effective indices to obtain experts’ ideas. Implementing this method is the most important criterion in evaluating the composition of architectural forms, due to the results of method calculations and resistance against explosion. The ability to identify the vital spaces of a building is the next important criterion; facilitating crisis management and the way of contact between various spaces in critical conditions are two last ones in this procedure. We concluded that the center-oriented form of composition is the best option from the perspective of civil defense to construct critical and sensitive buildings and the linear form composition is located in the second rank.

Two earthquakes of magnitude 6.1mb occurred at the Ahar and around 16000 residential buildings were destroyed. one of the conspicuous issues in the earthquake is property management to reconstruct and confront the crisis. in this regard, since the most damage inflicted on the buildings occurs in the exterior walls, therefore, the most financial resources must be spent on reconstructing this part of damaged buildings. Thus, this paper was conducted in order to reduce expenditure and increase the resistance of the walls. The urban fabric of the area didn’t sustain much damage and only the exterior walls of the buildings were collapsed. Thus, the main aim of this article is to study different types of exterior walls for renewal and reconstruction of buildings in earthquake area. To approach this aim, using group decision-making method. This paper presents the comparison of FUZZY and AHP. in this regard, this research is centralized on types of exterior walls to reconstruct iran earthquake areas (Ahar, Heris, Varzeqan). five main methods have been chosen by asking experts in the related fields and to evaluate and select the best of exterior walls. finally 3D panel wall was selected as the optimal wall for reconstruction of earthquake area.

The design of all spatial scales in a manufactured environment is part of the architectural skills and knowledge. Therefore, an architectural design should be drafted to reduce the vulnerability of humans and buildings against unexpected events, such as terrorist attacks and bombardments. Human casualties and equipment destruction inside the buildings could be prevented by designing a suitable architectural space. This study addresses the absence of a codified and detailed criterion to evaluate architectural spaces and their design. Hence, all proposed indices for architectural spaces have been extracted using the ideas of experts in the field of architecture and explosives.Questionnaires were presented to 25 experts to weigh the effective indices using the analytic hierarchy process method. The human-oriented (ergonomic) characteristics of the building space is found to be the most important factor in facilitating crisis management, followed by the location of critical spaces