Keratoconus appears to be a rare corneal disease with a prevalence previously estimated at 1:2000. The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of keratoconus in a large German cohort and to evaluate possible associated factors. Method: In the population-based, prospective, monocentric cohort study, Gutenberg Health Study, 12,423 subjects aged 40–80 years were examined at the 5-year follow-up. Subjects underwent a detailed medical history and a general and ophthalmologic examination including Scheimpflug imaging. Keratoconus diagnosis was performed in two steps: all subjects with conspicuous TKC analysis of corneal tomography were included in further grading. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to investigate association with age, sex, BMI, thyroid hormone, smoking, diabetes, arterial hypertension, atopy, allergy, steroid use, sleep apnea, asthma, and depression. Results: Of 10,419 subjects, 75 eyes of 51 subjects were classified as having keratoconus. The prevalence for keratoconus in the German cohort was 0.49% (1:204; 95% CI: 0.36–0.64%) and was approximately equally distributed across the age decades. No gender predisposition could be demonstrated. Logistic regression showed no association between keratoconus and age, sex, BMI, thyroid hormone, smoking, diabetes, arterial hypertension, atopy, allergy, steroid use, sleep apnea, asthma, and depression in our sample. Conclusion: The prevalence of keratoconus disease in a mainly Caucasian population is approximately tenfold higher than previously reported in the literature using latest technologies (Scheimpflug imaging). Contrary to previous assumptions, we did not find associations with sex, existing atopy, thyroid dysfunction, diabetes, smoking, and depression.

Glaucoma in childhood is rare, and because of the long-term nature of the disorder, it necessitates frequent contact with doctors (1?5). Owing to the potential loss of visual functions, a child?s development may be impaired and everyday life...

Purpose: Low birth weight (BW) is associated with altered ocular geometry such as a steeper corneal shape in adulthood. However, it is unclear whether low birth weight affects corneal thickness development in the center or periphery in adulthood which may contribute to ocular disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate corneal thickness in former low birth weight individuals in adulthood. Methods: The German Gutenberg Health Study is a prospective, population-based study in which every participant (age range 40–80 years) was measured with Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam HR, Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). BW was collected by self-reports. The relationship between birth weight and corneal thickness at different locations were assessed. Linear regression models were carried out including uni- and multivariable analyses with adjustment for age, sex, mean corneal radius, and white-to-white distance. Main outcome measures were corneal thickness at the apex, at the pupil center, and at the corneal periphery. Results: Overall, 5657 participants were successfully measured (3019 females, aged 56.0 ± 10.3 years). In multivariable analyses a lower BW was associated with a thinner corneal thickness at the apex (B = 1.71 µm/500 g, p < 0.001) and at the pupil (B = 1.69 µm/500 g, p < 0.001). These effects diminished towards the corneal periphery resulting in no differences in the perilimbal regions. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that lower birth weight goes along with corneal thickness alterations even into adult ages of 40 to 80 years. Thinner measurements of the cornea were particularly found in the corneal center and diminished in the periphery. This indicates that there may be fetal origins affecting corneal thickness development particularly in the corneal center.

Background: To evaluate the effect of crosslinking (CXL) with riboflavin for keratoconus (KC) therapy on quality of life (QoL): comparison of keratoconus patients with and without treatment. Methods: Prospective monocentric study. We recruited patients with progressive KC and with stable disease. Patients with progressive disease received cross-linking treatment; patients with stable disease were monitored. We compared QoL in both groups over 6 months and detected the influence of cross-linking treatment on QoL. QoL was assessed by NEI-VFQ-25, EQ-5D 5L, and EQ-Visual analog scale (VAS). In the evaluation of the Nei VFQ, the subgroups LFVFS and LFSES were calculated. Results: We enrolled 31 eyes of 31 patients in the intervention group and 37 eyes of 37 patients in the control group. Medians with standard deviations (SD) were calculated. All QoL-tests showed equal scores at baseline in both groups. At V2, one day after the treatment, EQ-VAS (56.4), LFVFS (57.4), and EQ5D5L (0.59) were significantly reduced. At V3 (one week after treatment), all results returned to baseline level. LFSES was not affected by the treatment. It remained stable (V2 85.4, V3 84.3). Comparing the baseline scores with the follow-up scores at month 6, we found a significant increase in QoL in all tests in the intervention group. Otherwise, the quality of life in the control group did not change over time. Conclusions: Cross-linking led only to a short-term reduction in QoL. Although the treatment is painful for a few days, no effect on general quality of life LVSES has been demonstrated. QoL already returned to baseline after one week and the patients were not limited anymore.

Introduction Corneal cross linking (CXL) is an appropriate method to treat progressive keratoconus in order to stop progression. Generally, the change in the maximum corneal power (Kmax), corneal thickness, and total astigmatism are assessed for progression analysis. The aim of this study is to answer the question of whether corneal astigmatism is suitable for quantifying keratoconus progression or demonstrating stability. To improve accuracy, we analyze astigmatism as a vector parameter in CXL follow-up. Methods We performed a retrospective observational study analyzing a total of 74 eyes diagnosed with progressive keratoconus that received CXL treatment and had a follow-up period of at least 12 months, and in some cases, up to 5 years. In the Scheimpflug imaging examination (Pentacam^®), the focus was on the change of Kmax in diopter (D), astigmatism of the corneal front, and its vector parameter. Results Preoperatively, we observed an increase in Kmax difference (KmaxD) (median +1.9 D ± standard deviation, SD 2.2) and astigmatism vector difference (AVD) (median +0.7 D ± SD 1.6) with a positive correlation, which establishes a treatment indication. The follow-up showed a stabilization of KmaxD and AVD after 12 months (median KmaxD −0.7 D, AVD −0.4), and over the periods of 3 and 5 years, a further stabilization of the curvature parameters with a lower number of cases. Conclusions Compared with an analysis of an absolute value only, the vector analysis of astigmatism allows a much more precise description of astigmatism in order to verify the effectiveness of CXL. Both astigmatism vector and Kmax preoperatively increased and stabilized potstoperatively. Astigmatism presumably has a significant effect on the quality of vision and should therefore also be used as an additional stability factor beside Kmax.