Pile driving in marine engineering causes a vibration response in the surrounding soil and adjacent piles, which may affect the safety of adjacent structures supported by the pile foundation and the internal equipment of the adjacent structures. Therefore, for the safe completion of a project, it is of great significance to study the ground and the pile vibrations induced by pile driving. Based on measurement data from a Rudong wind farm engineering in Jiangsu Province, a numerical model of the vibration response induced by pile driving was established. Based on various methods of calculating pile driving loading, the influence of pile driving loading characteristics on the vibration response was analyzed. Furthermore, the influence of pile driving on the acceleration of the ground and adjacent piles was studied, including the impacts of the distance between the driving pile, the existing pile and the driving depth. The results show that the acceleration of the ground has a good linear relationship with the distance in the logarithmic coordinate system, and the acceleration of the existing pile attenuates with an increasing driving depth of the driving pile. A simplified evaluation method for the peak acceleration response of adjacent sites impacted by pile driving was proposed, which provides a reference for ocean engineering construction in the Huangsha Ocean area of China.