Purpose: This study aimed to explore the gap between patients’ expectations of healthcare service quality in ‎Jordanian hospitals against their perceptions of service received using SERVQUAL model. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design. The study data were collected randomly from 415 patients (participants) ‎who completed the SERVEQUAL questionnaire. The data were analyzed using ‎statistical procedures such as descriptive, t-test, and ANOVA. Results: The results showed ‎that there is a gap between mean score of patients’ expectations of what should be available in the ‎hospital and patients’ perceptions of the service received in the hospital. Patients’ expectations were higher than their perceptions on all five SERVQUAL domains (Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, and Empathy). Conclusion: Hospital managers should take necessary actions to improve healthcare services in their hospitals with respect to all SERVQUAL domains. These actions should be directed to reduce the gap between patients’ expectation and their perceptions in order to provide services meet patients’ needs.

Patient safety is a serious concern in the health care industry. To enhance patient safety, healthcare providers are expected to minimize accidental harm to patients and enhance the quality of patient-centered care. The main objective of this study is to explore the awareness of the patient safety culture among healthcare providers. It is further intended to assess key fields and factors that hinder patient safety adoption and determine the effects of demographic factors on healthcare providers' awareness of patient safety culture. This study applied a cross-sectional quantitative design. It was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The participants consisted of all healthcare providers working in a specific tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. A random sampling technique was applied in this study. The study sample size was 409 participants. A valid and reliable questionnaire was used to collect the required data. The T-tests, ANOVA. And regression was used. The study found that there is a moderate level of patient safety culture awareness among healthcare providers. Moreover, the findings also revealed that the age group “31–40” showed statistically different awareness levels as compared to the “more than 50 years' age group” (p = 0.012). Also, this study has found that gender and education have a significant influence on the awareness level of patient safety culture while position and work area have no influence on the awareness level of patient safety culture among healthcare providers. Managers in healthcare institutions should develop speeder response plans and make them part of the patient safety culture. Institutions offering bachelor's degrees and postgraduate in nursing should pay more attention to the subject of patient safety. The government healthcare sector, together with the private healthcare sector, should continuously train healthcare providers on patient safety procedures to improve the patient safety culture. Healthcare providers should be encouraged to report errors made during diagnosis or treatments to avoid them in the future.

Background: Patient safety is a major concern at all levels of the healthcare system, with the primary objective of reducing patient hazards when providing care. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has made great progress in improving the health of its citizens over the last few decades, particularly in terms of patient safety. Currently, many health-care institutions throughout the world are interested in implementing a safety culture to lower the risk of harm and the number of accidents associated with routine treatment. Purpose: This study aims to assess the level of awareness concerning patient safety culture among health-care providers in hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study that used the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s patient safety culture questionnaire. The survey was conducted online and was completed by 204 health-care employees from three distinct hospital settings in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: government, quasi-government, and private hospitals. Results: The results showed a low level of patient safety culture awareness among health-care workers in the 10 dimensions of patient safety. The mean score was 2.24 out of 5 and the standard deviation was 0.50. Participants assigned the highest mean scores to Organisational Learning and Continuous Improvement (Mean: 2.48, Standard deviation: 0.66), Communication About Error (Mean: 2.44, Standard deviation: 0.70), and Teamwork (Mean: 2.40, Standard deviation: 0.64). Interestingly, the scores for hospital supervisor and managerial positions are significant compared to other clinical positions (p-value = 0.047). Moreover, the patient safety rating and the number of reported events were significantly related to the overall level of awareness (p-value < 0.001), (p-value = 0.042), respectively. Conclusion: In Riyadh hospitals, overall patient safety awareness is low, necessitating adequate attention and effective solutions such as encouraging reporting errors, implementing safety huddles and leadership walkarounds, and establishing a patient safety culture. Health-care executives and managers are encouraged to develop safety cultures that promote trust and justice, allowing employees to be candid about their mistakes and failings without retaliation. Moreover, this safety culture should be defined by the following qualities: a just culture, a learning culture, and a reporting culture.

A prolonged length of stay in an emergency department is related to lower quality of care and adverse outcomes, which are often linked with overcrowding. Examine the influence of demographic factors on prolonged length of stay in the emergency department. This study used a cross-sectional design. It used secondary data for all patients admitted during the specific duration at the emergency department of a governmental hospital in Saudi Arabia. The independent variables were gender, age, disposition status, shift time, and clinical acuity (CTAS) level while the dependent variable was prolonged length of stay. The study shows that 30% of patients stay at the emergency department for four hours or more. The results also show a significant association between demographic factors which are age, gender, disposition status, shift time, clinical acuity (CTAS) level and prolonged length of stay in an emergency department. Based on the results males are more likely to stay in the emergency department than females (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.38). Patients aged 60 and older are less likely to stay in the emergency department than patients aged 29 or smaller (OR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.39 to 0.84). According to disposition status discharged patients after examination stays in the emergency department more than admitted patients after the examination (OR = 2.78; 95% CI = 1.67 to 4.99). Patients who come to the night shift are less likely to stay in the emergency department than patients who come in the morning shift (OR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.56 to 0.81). Patients who are classified in level three of CTAS are less likely to stay in the emergency department than patients who are classified in level one (OR = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.88 to 0.023). Demographic factors such as age, gender, shift time, disposition status and clinical acuity (CTAS) were important factors that needed to be considered to reduce the length of stay of patients in the emergency department. it is possible to formulate a machine learning model to predict the anticipated length of stay in the hospital for each patient. This prediction with an accepted margin of uncertainty will help the clinicians to communicate the evidence-based anticipated length of stay with the patient’s caregivers. In addition, hospital managers need to provide the emergency department with enough staff and materials to reduce the length of stay of patients.

Background: Migraine, a complex neurological condition, poses significant challenges for both sufferers and healthcare providers. While prescription medications play a vital role in managing migraine attacks, the quest for natural, non-pharmacological alternatives has garnered increasing interest. This review explores the efficacy and safety of natural supplements as treatments for migraine relief, comparing them with conventional prescription medications. Methods: The review delves into herbal supplements, clinical studies on natural remedies, aromatherapy, dietary influences, and lifestyle modifications in the context of migraine management in several databases. Results: The findings shed light on the potential of natural supplements as complementary or alternative approaches to traditional migraine therapies, offering insights into a holistic and personalized treatment paradigm for migraine sufferers. Conclusions: Natural supplements have gained attention as potential treatments for migraine relief, often perceived as safer alternatives to conventional medications.

Background: Due to the growing demand for better health services by the population pressure, Saudi Arabia is facing challenges in providing the required coverage in primary health care over all regions. Study Objectives: The study aims to do a comparative analysis of the spatial distribution of the primary healthcare centers and health manpower across Saudi Arabia. Study methods: This study deals with the analysis of the spatial distribution of the PHCCs and health manpower in Saudi Arabia regions during the period 2017– 2021 by applying the Shapiro–Wilk test. This study relied on a dataset issued by the Ministry of Health (MoH). The variance of the spatial distribution of the dataset was also analyzed using the T-student and Binomial tests. Results: This study found that PHCCs of 2020; the dentists of 2021; and Allied Health Personnel of 2017, 2020, and 2021 were normally distributed. However, the distribution of the population and all datasets of the other health indicators is a non-normal distribution. In addition, the correlation between the number of PHCCs and regions based on population is significant in all the regions. Moreover, The number of dentists showed a significant correlation with the population in most regions, except Riyadh, Makkah, and Jazan. However, the number of physicians, allied health personnel, nurses, and family medicine practitioners generally did not correlate significantly with the population, with exceptions for nurses in Tabuk and family medicine in the Northern Borders. Finally, the spatial distribution of the population shows the concentration in three major regions which are Riyadh, Makkah, and Eastern Province. Conclusion: Despite the expansion in the number of PHCCs and health workers and spread in all regions of Saudi Arabia, their spatial distribution still requires the establishment of more of them to provide the basic health services necessary to cover the actual needs of the population.