Information security, being one of the corner stones of network and communication technology, has been evolving tremendously to cope with the parallel evolution of network security threats. Hence, cipher algorithms in the core of the information security process have more crucial role to play here, with continuous need for new and unorthodox designs to meet the increasing complexity of the applications environment that keep offering challenges to the current existing cipher algorithms. The aim of this review is to present symmetric cipher main components, the modern and lightweight symmetric cipher algorithms design based on the components that utilized in cipher design, highlighting the effect of each component and the essential component among them, how the modern cipher has modified to lightweight cipher by reducing the number and size of these components, clarify how these components give the strength for symmetric cipher versus asymmetric of cipher. Moreover, a new classification of cryptography algorithms to four categories based on four factors is presented. Finally, some modern and lightweight symmetric cipher algorithms are selected, presented with a comparison between them according to their components by taking into considerations the components impact on security, performance, and resource requirements.

A Stream Cipher (SC) is a symmetric-key encryption type that scrambles each piece of data in clear text to conceal it from hackers. Despite its advantages, it has a substantial challenge. Correct handwriting of the script code for the cipher scheme is a challenge for programmers. In this paper, we propose a graphical Domain-Specific Modeling Language (DSML) to make it easier for non-technical users and domain specialists to implement an SC domain. The proposed language, SCLang, offers great expressiveness and flexibility. Six different methods of keystream generation are provided to obtain a random sequence. In addition, fifteen tests in the NIST suite are provided for random statistical analysis. The concepts of the SC domain and their relationships are presented in a meta-model. The evaluation of SCLang is based on qualitative analysis and is presented to demonstrate its effectiveness and efficiency.

Homomorphic encryption (HE) is an emerging technology that enables computing on data while the data is encrypted. It has advantages, but it also has a significant difficulty. Programmers that use General-Purpose Programming Languages (GPPLs) may find it difficult to handwrite the script code for the HE correctly. This paper presents the front-end compiler design for the first graphical modelling language (DSML) to implement HE schemas, called HomoLang. It is providing a graphical environment with graphical building nodes that represent the HE concepts to enable the building of HE schemas. A high degree of abstraction and a decrease in grammatical and runtime errors improved the expressiveness and efficiency of implementation. Six security tests for security analysis were provided. The efficiency of the submitted language was evaluated using four subjective metrics. This paper provides a detailed explanation of the attributes, evaluation details, and design of the submitted HomoLang.

The lightweight block cipher is an encryption technique with negligible computational overhead. Despite its advantages, it faces a substantial challenge. Correct handwriting of the script code for the cipher scheme is a challenge for programmers. In this research, we suggest a new graphical domain-specific modeling language to make it easier for both non-technical users and domain specialists to implement lightweight block cipher schemes. The proposed language, called LWBCLang, is a modular and extensible language that offers graphical components for constructing three essential types of inner block cipher structures. Seven different methods of keystream generation and all the tests of the NIST suite with performance analysis are provided. In the context of its meta-model, LWBCLang's abstract and concrete syntaxes are specified. LWBCLang has been implemented as an internal DSML with Python as the host language. The evaluation of LWBCLang is based on qualitative analysis to demonstrate the language's effectiveness and efficiency. Further benefits of this proposed language are evaluated and discussed in depth in this research.

The ridges, creases, wrinkles, and minutiae on the palmprint region of interest (ROI) are important features. These features are employed to confirm or identify an individual. One inevitable issue in the realization of palmprint recognition systems is the extraction procedure of this region under unrestricted environments. The variety in palm sizes, postures, lighting conditions, and backgrounds, however, certainly presents a significant issue. Finding and extracting the palm's area of interest (ROI) will be our main goal. This research introduces a robust automated algorithm based on square construction and each YCbCr color space features. After reading the image of the colored hand, this algorithm goes through two stages. Firstly, convert to the YCbCr color space. This stage guarantees precise locating of the hand region in addition to deleting irrelevant information from the image. Secondly, determining ROI is based on applying three steps: locating three key references, utilizing these key references to construct the main line, and finally, constructing the ROI square. The total color hand images (230) were used to test and evaluate the newly introduced algorithm; 30 were collected from the internet; and 200 were chosen from the Birjand University Mobile Palmprint Database (BMPD). The hand images include two orientations, left and right, varying sizes and backgrounds, uneven illumination, shadows, and some hand images have items on the finger(s). The experimental findings demonstrate that the introduced algorithm effectively attained 100% and 99.565% sensitivity and accuracy, respectively.