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Dr. Brantley Liddle
Energy Studies Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119620, Singapore

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0 Energy and Climate Change
0 Energy Economics and Policy
0 Economic growth and energy/environment
0 Transport and energy/environment
0 Population and energy/environment

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Energy and Climate Change

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Correction
Published: 15 July 2021 in Empirical Economics
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ACS Style

Brantley Liddle; Fakhri Hasanov. Correction to: Industry electricity price and output elasticities for high-income and middle-income countries. Empirical Economics 2021, 1 -2.

AMA Style

Brantley Liddle, Fakhri Hasanov. Correction to: Industry electricity price and output elasticities for high-income and middle-income countries. Empirical Economics. 2021; ():1-2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brantley Liddle; Fakhri Hasanov. 2021. "Correction to: Industry electricity price and output elasticities for high-income and middle-income countries." Empirical Economics , no. : 1-2.

Article
Published: 13 April 2021 in Empirical Economics
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Energy planning and climate policy require understanding long-run energy demand patterns. Electricity demand further is important because energy services derived from electricity typically do not have substitution possibilities from other fuels. By employing dynamic panel models, we estimate the long-run price and output elasticities of aggregate industrial electricity demand for high-income (mostly OECD) and middle-income (mostly non-OECD) countries. The unbalanced data span 1978–2016 and include 35 high-income countries and 30 middle-income countries. Our dynamic panel estimates address nonstationarity, heterogeneity, and cross-sectional dependence. We believe these are the first such panel estimates for middle-income/non-OECD countries and among the few such estimates for high-income/OECD countries to appear in the literature. The output elasticity for high-income countries typically was significantly below unity, around 0.5, and the price elasticity was around − 0.25 (and was statistically significant). For middle-income countries, the output elasticity was greater than unity and was likely significantly larger than the output elasticity for high-income countries, whereas the price elasticity was small and insignificant for middle-income countries.

ACS Style

Brantley Liddle; Fakhri Hasanov. Industry electricity price and output elasticities for high-income and middle-income countries. Empirical Economics 2021, 1 -27.

AMA Style

Brantley Liddle, Fakhri Hasanov. Industry electricity price and output elasticities for high-income and middle-income countries. Empirical Economics. 2021; ():1-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brantley Liddle; Fakhri Hasanov. 2021. "Industry electricity price and output elasticities for high-income and middle-income countries." Empirical Economics , no. : 1-27.

Journal article
Published: 25 November 2020 in World Development
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Energy leapfrogging may have critical implications for a world that seeks to reduce its fossil fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions, and in which most future economic growth will be concentrated in rapidly growing, industrializing countries rather than in more mature economies. The current paper explores whether country-level data supports the conclusion that developing countries have lower energy intensities today than mature economies had when those mature economies had per capita income levels similar to developing countries now. We employ a broad sample of aggregate energy consumption, energy prices, and economic growth observations for 24 OECD and 34 non-OECD countries, spanning 1960–2016. Our price dataset is particularly novel in two ways: it includes (1) early industrializer-OECD observations from the 1960s and 1970s, and (2) a high number of recent (2007–2016) non-OECD observations. And thus, importantly, our work differs from previous estimates in the temporal comparison between mature and industrializing groups. Our study finds empirical support for energy leapfrogging, expressed as the energy intensity of income growth; we show that industrializing economies are adopting less energy-intensive, and by implication less polluting, economic activities when their income levels reach the same per-capita GDP levels as the more mature OECD countries did in previous decades. Importantly, our results depend upon (i) the controls placed on income levels to represent comparable stages of economic development, and (ii) the rules defining the temporal dimension for technology transfer. Our results have significant implications for researchers and policy analysts interested in economic development: those results support previous analysis, concluding not only that energy technologies are being transferred internationally, but that technologies are reducing the energy, and by implication the climate footprint of many developing countries. For example, a back-of-the-envelope calculation suggested that energy leapfrogging lowered the growth rate of energy consumption by about 30% in non-OECD countries.

ACS Style

Brantley Liddle; Hillard Huntington. There’s Technology Improvement, but is there Economy-wide Energy Leapfrogging? A Country Panel Analysis. World Development 2020, 140, 105259 .

AMA Style

Brantley Liddle, Hillard Huntington. There’s Technology Improvement, but is there Economy-wide Energy Leapfrogging? A Country Panel Analysis. World Development. 2020; 140 ():105259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brantley Liddle; Hillard Huntington. 2020. "There’s Technology Improvement, but is there Economy-wide Energy Leapfrogging? A Country Panel Analysis." World Development 140, no. : 105259.

Journal article
Published: 11 November 2020 in Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
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The current paper contributes to the literature on the relationship between economic growth, fuel prices, and the demand for gasoline and diesel within the transportation sector by assembling a wide panel dataset of fuel consumption and prices for 35 OECD and 83 Non-OECD countries. The unbalanced data spans 1978–2016, with the full 39 years of data for 36 countries. In addition, our dynamic panel estimates address nonstationarity, heterogeneity, and cross-sectional dependence. The OECD panel price elasticity for gasoline is around −0.7 or about three times that for the non-OECD panel; whereas, the OECD price elasticity for diesel is only modestly larger (in absolute terms) than the non-OECD elasticity (−0.3 and −0.2, respectively). For gasoline, the non-OECD GDP elasticity is around 1.0 or about twice that for OECD countries. For the OECD panel, the diesel GDP elasticity is about three times that of the OECD GDP elasticity for gasoline; whereas, for the non-OECD panel, the two GDP elasticities (for gasoline and diesel) are about the same. For non-OECD countries, subpanels based on geography and income produced mostly similar results. We found no evidence of GDP or price asymmetric effects for the 1978–2016 period. Lastly, the large (at least for the OECD panel) and statistically significant transportation price elasticities reported here provide stark contrast to the economy-wide energy price elasticities calculated in Liddle and Huntington (2020a).

ACS Style

Brantley Liddle; Hillard Huntington. ‘On the Road Again’: A 118 country panel analysis of gasoline and diesel demand. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2020, 142, 151 -167.

AMA Style

Brantley Liddle, Hillard Huntington. ‘On the Road Again’: A 118 country panel analysis of gasoline and diesel demand. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2020; 142 ():151-167.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brantley Liddle; Hillard Huntington. 2020. "‘On the Road Again’: A 118 country panel analysis of gasoline and diesel demand." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 142, no. : 151-167.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2020 in Energy Economics
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This analysis provides an international perspective geared towards understanding the future demands being placed on the world's electricity system. It focuses upon the household or residential demand for electricity in a number of high-income and middle-income countries that may raise power demands for cooling in a warming world. Panel estimates on 26 high-income and 29 middle-income countries over the 1978–2013 period provide critical information on how household electricity demand responds to income, weather, and prices. Our dynamic panel estimates address nonstationarity, heterogeneity, and cross-sectional dependence. We believe these are the first panel estimates for middle-income/non-OECD countries and the first panel estimates for high-income/OECD countries to address all three of the previously identified statistical issues. Relative to high-income country responses, long-run elasticities for middle-income nations are larger for income (0.8 compared to 0.6), larger for cooling (0.3 versus insignificant), and smaller for prices (−0.08 relative to −0.2). As middle-income economies are likely to grow more rapidly than high-income/OECD economies, the trends related to income and cooling responses are likely to place greater pressure on a warming world unless the power sector can be decarbonized globally.

ACS Style

Brantley Liddle; Hillard Huntington. How prices, income, and weather shape household electricity demand in high-income and middle-income countries. Energy Economics 2020, 95, 104995 .

AMA Style

Brantley Liddle, Hillard Huntington. How prices, income, and weather shape household electricity demand in high-income and middle-income countries. Energy Economics. 2020; 95 ():104995.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brantley Liddle; Hillard Huntington. 2020. "How prices, income, and weather shape household electricity demand in high-income and middle-income countries." Energy Economics 95, no. : 104995.

Journal article
Published: 05 August 2020 in Energy Policy
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Air conditioning (AC) is a major source of household electricity consumption in Singapore and there is evidence that the efficiency of ACs could be improved substantially. Employing 45 months of energy bills and survey data and the Fixed Effects difference-in-differences estimator, we calculated a savings of 7.8% of total energy consumption after the purchase of a more efficient AC compared to an estimated expected savings of 12.6%. This suggests a rebound or take-back of savings around 38.2%. Such a less-than-100% of theoretical savings achieved is in line with other (outside Singapore) estimates and economic/behavioural theory since after purchasing a new AC, households may (i) use a lower temperature setting or (ii) use the AC longer in order to (1) fulfil (previously) unmet demand and/or (2) respond to the effective lower costs of running the AC. Our results have implications for both energy efficiency labelling policies and for Singapore's recently implemented carbon tax.

ACS Style

Brantley Liddle; Tian Sheng Allan Loi; Anthony D. Owen; Jacqueline Tao. Evaluating consumption and cost savings from new air-conditioner purchases: The case of Singapore. Energy Policy 2020, 145, 111722 .

AMA Style

Brantley Liddle, Tian Sheng Allan Loi, Anthony D. Owen, Jacqueline Tao. Evaluating consumption and cost savings from new air-conditioner purchases: The case of Singapore. Energy Policy. 2020; 145 ():111722.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brantley Liddle; Tian Sheng Allan Loi; Anthony D. Owen; Jacqueline Tao. 2020. "Evaluating consumption and cost savings from new air-conditioner purchases: The case of Singapore." Energy Policy 145, no. : 111722.

Journal article
Published: 02 August 2020 in Energy Policy
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The reduction of energy intensity is important for sustainable economic growth, especially in non-OECD countries where energy demand growth is high. Understanding the impact of policies on energy intensity can help policy-makers to reduce energy intensity. Using empirical methods and cross-country data from 44 countries over the period 1990–2016, we study the determinants of energy intensity. The common correlated effects mean group estimator is employed since it addresses nonstationarity, cross-sectional dependence, and heterogeneity—all three of which exist in the data. Both GDP per capita and economy-wide energy prices are shown to be negatively associated with energy intensity. The empirical results provide evidence that several policy instruments are effective in reducing energy intensity: (i) standards, and labeling; (ii) government direct investment; (iii) strategic planning and support; (iv) fiscal measures/taxes; and (v) grants and subsidies. The duration of the policy is more important than the mere existence of the policy in demonstrating the policy's effectiveness.

ACS Style

Dina Azhgaliyeva; Yang Liu; Brantley Liddle. An empirical analysis of energy intensity and the role of policy instruments. Energy Policy 2020, 145, 111773 .

AMA Style

Dina Azhgaliyeva, Yang Liu, Brantley Liddle. An empirical analysis of energy intensity and the role of policy instruments. Energy Policy. 2020; 145 ():111773.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dina Azhgaliyeva; Yang Liu; Brantley Liddle. 2020. "An empirical analysis of energy intensity and the role of policy instruments." Energy Policy 145, no. : 111773.

Editorial
Published: 09 March 2020 in Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment
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Dina Azhgaliyeva; Brantley Liddle. Introduction to the special issue: Scaling Up Green Finance in Asia. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment 2020, 10, 83 -91.

AMA Style

Dina Azhgaliyeva, Brantley Liddle. Introduction to the special issue: Scaling Up Green Finance in Asia. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment. 2020; 10 (2):83-91.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dina Azhgaliyeva; Brantley Liddle. 2020. "Introduction to the special issue: Scaling Up Green Finance in Asia." Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment 10, no. 2: 83-91.

Journal article
Published: 16 January 2020 in Energy Economics
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We estimate time-varying income and price elasticities for energy demand for a 26-country, middle-income balanced panel that spans 1996-2014. To do so, we employ a recently developed local linear dummy estimation method to estimate the trend and coefficient functions. We find that the price elasticity for energy demand is either insignificant or positive and small. While the income elasticity for energy demand behaves in a non-linear fashion over-time, it is always less than unity and is generally within 0.6-0.8. A GDP elasticity of less than one suggests that these middle-income countries are on the right-hand-side of an inverted-U energy intensity-GDP path that is consistent with the dematerialization process. Also, this finding suggests that energy intensity — but not energy consumption — in these countries will fall with economic growth. Hence, intensity-based targets may be met in a business-as-usual setting, but aggregate or per capita-based carbon emissions targets would likely require policy interventions.

ACS Style

Brantley Liddle; Russell Smyth; Xibin Zhang. Time-varying income and price elasticities for energy demand: Evidence from a middle-income panel. Energy Economics 2020, 86, 104681 .

AMA Style

Brantley Liddle, Russell Smyth, Xibin Zhang. Time-varying income and price elasticities for energy demand: Evidence from a middle-income panel. Energy Economics. 2020; 86 ():104681.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brantley Liddle; Russell Smyth; Xibin Zhang. 2020. "Time-varying income and price elasticities for energy demand: Evidence from a middle-income panel." Energy Economics 86, no. : 104681.

Journal article
Published: 06 December 2019 in The Journal of Economic Asymmetries
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This paper uses a large unique panel data set of 91 OECD and non-OECD countries and recently developed panel regression estimation techniques to answer the question by how much energy demand changes when income and energy prices display asymmetric effects. Both long run and short run impacts are studied. For the full sample, we find the short run impact of a 1% increase in GDP increases energy consumption by 0.35% while a 1% decrease in GDP decreases energy consumption by 0.68%. These values are similar across different country groupings. GDP decreases have a larger impact on energy consumption than increases in GDP by a factor of approximately 2 to 1. We do not, however, find any evidence of asymmetric long run GDP effects. The result that energy demand falls more proportionally when GDP falls then when GDP rises has implications for energy policy and energy demand forecasting. There is evidence of long run price asymmetry for the OECD countries.

ACS Style

Brantley Liddle; Perry Sadorsky. How much do asymmetric changes in income and energy prices affect energy demand? The Journal of Economic Asymmetries 2019, 21, e00141 .

AMA Style

Brantley Liddle, Perry Sadorsky. How much do asymmetric changes in income and energy prices affect energy demand? The Journal of Economic Asymmetries. 2019; 21 ():e00141.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brantley Liddle; Perry Sadorsky. 2019. "How much do asymmetric changes in income and energy prices affect energy demand?" The Journal of Economic Asymmetries 21, no. : e00141.

Chapter
Published: 21 May 2019 in Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions
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In this study, we investigate how total factor productivity (TFP), alongside income, price, and population, shapes energy consumption in the long-run in Saudi Arabia, the world’s number one oil exporter. To do so, we first estimate a production function and construct the associated TFP series, and then assess TFP’s impact on energy consumption. To take into consideration the stochastic properties of the variables, we employ unit root and cointegration methods. We also correct estimations and test results for potential small sample bias. Our main finding is that TFP has a statistically significant impact on energy consumption in the long-run. The main contribution of our research is that to the best of our knowledge this is the first study that estimates energy consumption effects of TFP for Saudi Arabia. We believe that our research would be useful for Saudi Arabian policymakers in understanding how TFP, a representation of technological progress, institutional development, innovations, openness, and R&D development, influences energy consumption over time. Saudi Vision 2030, the strategic road map of Saudi Arabian development, implies rational behavior and lowering the pace of energy consumption in the country. Thus, TFP improvement is a sustainable way to attain these goals.

ACS Style

Fakhri J. Hasanov; Brantley Liddle; Jeyhun Mikayilov; Carlo Andrea Bollino. How Total Factor Productivity Drives Long-Run Energy Consumption in Saudi Arabia. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions 2019, 195 -220.

AMA Style

Fakhri J. Hasanov, Brantley Liddle, Jeyhun Mikayilov, Carlo Andrea Bollino. How Total Factor Productivity Drives Long-Run Energy Consumption in Saudi Arabia. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions. 2019; ():195-220.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fakhri J. Hasanov; Brantley Liddle; Jeyhun Mikayilov; Carlo Andrea Bollino. 2019. "How Total Factor Productivity Drives Long-Run Energy Consumption in Saudi Arabia." Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions , no. : 195-220.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2018 in Climate Change Economics
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This paper analyzes whether temperature changes influence economic growth in the contiguous 48 US states by employing panel methods that address both heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Ultimately, it is determined that the negative effect of warming (initially proxied by cooling degree days) is restricted to agriculture GDP. But when weathers’ impact was measured by average summer temperature, the negative effect — still mostly restricted to agriculture GDP — was substantially and significantly larger (a finding similar to previous work) and geographically uniform. Yet, the model’s dynamics suggested that the magnitude of the short-run impact was larger (in absolute terms) than the long-run impact.

ACS Style

Brantley Liddle. WARMING AND INCOME GROWTH IN THE UNITED STATES: A HETEROGENEOUS, COMMON FACTOR DYNAMIC PANEL ANALYSIS. Climate Change Economics 2018, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Brantley Liddle. WARMING AND INCOME GROWTH IN THE UNITED STATES: A HETEROGENEOUS, COMMON FACTOR DYNAMIC PANEL ANALYSIS. Climate Change Economics. 2018; 9 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brantley Liddle. 2018. "WARMING AND INCOME GROWTH IN THE UNITED STATES: A HETEROGENEOUS, COMMON FACTOR DYNAMIC PANEL ANALYSIS." Climate Change Economics 9, no. 4: 1.

Journal article
Published: 11 October 2018 in Sustainability
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This paper considers a recently developed consumption-based carbon emissions database from which emissions calculations are made based on the domestic use of fossil fuels plus the embodied emissions from imports minus exports, to test directly for the importance of trade in national emissions. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) alone is responsible for over half the global outflows of carbon via trade. The econometric estimations—which focused on a panel of 20 Asian countries—determined that: (i) trade flows were significant for consumption-based emissions but not for territory-based emissions; and (ii) exports and imports offset each other in that exports lower consumption-based emissions, whereas imports increase them. Hence, all countries should have both an interest and a responsibility to help lower the carbon intensity of energy in countries that are particularly important for global carbon transfers—the PRC and India.

ACS Style

Brantley Liddle. Consumption-Based Accounting and the Trade-Carbon Emissions Nexus in Asia: A Heterogeneous, Common Factor Panel Analysis. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3627 .

AMA Style

Brantley Liddle. Consumption-Based Accounting and the Trade-Carbon Emissions Nexus in Asia: A Heterogeneous, Common Factor Panel Analysis. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (10):3627.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brantley Liddle. 2018. "Consumption-Based Accounting and the Trade-Carbon Emissions Nexus in Asia: A Heterogeneous, Common Factor Panel Analysis." Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3627.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Energy Economics
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While international trade and Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have been well-studied, a panel of only oil exporting developing economies has not been considered. This paper addresses that gap by investigating the role of the trade in CO2 emissions using a panel of nine oil exporting countries. In addition, we examine the impacts of exports and imports separately, and we consider two measures of CO2 emissions-those based on consumption, and thus, adjusted for trade, and those based on territory (i.e., the typical approach in the literature). The results from cointegration and error correction modeling show that exports and imports have statistically significant impacts of opposite signs on Consumption-based CO2 emissions in both the long- and short-run, and that the effects of changes in the trade-CO2 emissions relationship will fully be absorbed around three years. However, exports and imports are statistically insignificant for Territory-based CO2 emissions.

ACS Style

Fakhri J. Hasanov; Brantley Liddle; Jeyhun Mikayilov. The impact of international trade on CO2 emissions in oil exporting countries: Territory vs consumption emissions accounting. Energy Economics 2018, 74, 343 -350.

AMA Style

Fakhri J. Hasanov, Brantley Liddle, Jeyhun Mikayilov. The impact of international trade on CO2 emissions in oil exporting countries: Territory vs consumption emissions accounting. Energy Economics. 2018; 74 ():343-350.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fakhri J. Hasanov; Brantley Liddle; Jeyhun Mikayilov. 2018. "The impact of international trade on CO2 emissions in oil exporting countries: Territory vs consumption emissions accounting." Energy Economics 74, no. : 343-350.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Energy Economics
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Brantley Liddle. Consumption-based accounting and the trade-carbon emissions nexus. Energy Economics 2018, 69, 71 -78.

AMA Style

Brantley Liddle. Consumption-based accounting and the trade-carbon emissions nexus. Energy Economics. 2018; 69 ():71-78.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brantley Liddle. 2018. "Consumption-based accounting and the trade-carbon emissions nexus." Energy Economics 69, no. : 71-78.

Communication
Published: 27 November 2017 in Urban Science
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The level of world urbanization has crossed the 50% mark, and nearly all future population growth is projected to occur in cities. Cities are disproportionately wealthy, but are associated with poverty, too. Addressing the dual challenges of urbanization and poverty is key to achieving sustainable development. This paper performs cross-sectional regressions, based on Kuznets, as a starting point for understanding the relationship between urbanization and poverty/inequality indicators. Increases in gross domestic product per capita unambiguously lowered poverty and narrowed rural-urban gaps. By contrast, levels of urbanization were either unrelated to poverty/inequality indicators and measures of rural-urban gaps, or had a nonlinear effect where, initially, increases in urbanization likewise led to improvements in those areas, while at higher levels of urbanization, increases in urbanization exacerbated poverty and rural-urban gaps.

ACS Style

Brantley Liddle. Urbanization and Inequality/Poverty. Urban Science 2017, 1, 35 .

AMA Style

Brantley Liddle. Urbanization and Inequality/Poverty. Urban Science. 2017; 1 (4):35.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brantley Liddle. 2017. "Urbanization and Inequality/Poverty." Urban Science 1, no. 4: 35.

Journal article
Published: 15 August 2017 in Economies
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This paper provides an example of several modeling and econometric advances used in the panel estimation of energy demand elasticities. The paper models the demand of total, industrial, and transport energy consumption and residential and commercial electricity consumption by analyzing US state-based panel data. The paper employs recently developed dynamic panel methods that address heterogeneity, nonstationarity, and cross-sectional dependence. In addition, the paper (i) considers possible nonlinear relationships between energy consumption and income without employing polynomial transformations of integrated income; and (ii) allows for and calculates possible asymmetric relationships between energy consumption and price. Finally, the paper models energy efficiency improvements by a nonlinear time trend. To our knowledge no other paper has combined all of the econometric and modeling advances that are applied here. Most of the results conformed to expectations; however, limited to no evidence of nonlinearities and asymmetries were uncovered.

ACS Style

Brantley Liddle. Accounting for Nonlinearity, Asymmetry, Heterogeneity, and Cross-Sectional Dependence in Energy Modeling: US State-Level Panel Analysis. Economies 2017, 5, 30 .

AMA Style

Brantley Liddle. Accounting for Nonlinearity, Asymmetry, Heterogeneity, and Cross-Sectional Dependence in Energy Modeling: US State-Level Panel Analysis. Economies. 2017; 5 (3):30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brantley Liddle. 2017. "Accounting for Nonlinearity, Asymmetry, Heterogeneity, and Cross-Sectional Dependence in Energy Modeling: US State-Level Panel Analysis." Economies 5, no. 3: 30.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2017 in Applied Energy
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Brantley Liddle; Perry Sadorsky. How much does increasing non-fossil fuels in electricity generation reduce carbon dioxide emissions? Applied Energy 2017, 197, 212 -221.

AMA Style

Brantley Liddle, Perry Sadorsky. How much does increasing non-fossil fuels in electricity generation reduce carbon dioxide emissions? Applied Energy. 2017; 197 ():212-221.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brantley Liddle; Perry Sadorsky. 2017. "How much does increasing non-fossil fuels in electricity generation reduce carbon dioxide emissions?" Applied Energy 197, no. : 212-221.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Energy Economics
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Steven Parker; Brantley Liddle. Economy-wide and manufacturing energy productivity transition paths and club convergence for OECD and non-OECD countries. Energy Economics 2017, 62, 338 -346.

AMA Style

Steven Parker, Brantley Liddle. Economy-wide and manufacturing energy productivity transition paths and club convergence for OECD and non-OECD countries. Energy Economics. 2017; 62 ():338-346.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Steven Parker; Brantley Liddle. 2017. "Economy-wide and manufacturing energy productivity transition paths and club convergence for OECD and non-OECD countries." Energy Economics 62, no. : 338-346.

Article
Published: 31 December 2016 in Empirical Economics
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This paper tests for a carbon Kuznets curve (CKC) by examining the carbon emissions per capita–GDP per capita relationship individually, for 21 OECD countries over 1870–2010 using a reduced-form, linear model that allows for multiple endogenously determined breaks. This approach addresses several important econometric and modeling issues, e.g., (1) it is highly flexible and can approximate complicated nonlinear relationships without presuming a priori any particular relationship; (2) it avoids the nonlinear transformations of potentially nonstationary income. For 10 of 14 countries that were ultimately estimated, the uncovered emission–income relationship was either (1) decoupling—where income no longer affected emissions in a statistically significant way, (2) saturation—where the emissions elasticity of income is declining, less than proportional, but still positive, or (3) no transition—where the emissions elasticity of income is (or very near) unity. For only four countries did the emissions–income relationship become negative—i.e., a CKC. In concert with previous work, we conclude that the finding of a CKC is country-specific and that the shared timing among countries is important in income-environment transitions.

ACS Style

Brantley Liddle; George Messinis. Revisiting carbon Kuznets curves with endogenous breaks modeling: evidence of decoupling and saturation (but few inverted-Us) for individual OECD countries. Empirical Economics 2016, 54, 783 -798.

AMA Style

Brantley Liddle, George Messinis. Revisiting carbon Kuznets curves with endogenous breaks modeling: evidence of decoupling and saturation (but few inverted-Us) for individual OECD countries. Empirical Economics. 2016; 54 (2):783-798.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brantley Liddle; George Messinis. 2016. "Revisiting carbon Kuznets curves with endogenous breaks modeling: evidence of decoupling and saturation (but few inverted-Us) for individual OECD countries." Empirical Economics 54, no. 2: 783-798.