Background/Objectives: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a complex immune-mediated disorder characterized by defective regulatory mechanisms. Emerging evidence suggests that impaired immune tolerance mediated by regulatory B cell (Breg) plays a pivotal role in AR pathogenesis. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Der p1 allergen-modified dendritic cells (DC) in enhancing Breg-mediated immunotherapy and explores novel mechanisms underlying AR immunomodulation. Methods: Breg and the inflammatory cytokines were detected before and after allergen immunotherapy (AIT) in AR patients. Dust mite gene-derived dendritic cells were used to induce Breg. AR mice were treated with Der p1-DCs, and changes in Breg and related inflammatory indicators, as well as the impact of the IL-10/STAT pathway on DC vaccine treatment, were observed. Results: Following 6-month AIT, AR patients exhibited significant alleviation of nasal symptoms alongside restored peripheral Breg and Treg. In vitro co-culture of Der p1-DC-induced Bregs with CD4⁺CD25⁻T cells revealed that IL-10 blockade markedly increased Th cell. In AR murine models, intraperitoneal Der p1-DC administration suppressed allergic symptoms, upregulated nasal mucosal IL-10 expression, and attenuated STAT3 phosphorylation via IL-10 overexpression. Conclusions: AIT establishes immune tolerance through Breg-mediated regulatory mechanisms, while Der p1-DCs potently induce Breg differentiation and drive tolerance induction via the IL-10/STAT3 signaling axis.

Objective: We aim to construct an artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted nasal endoscopy diagnostic system capable of preliminary differentiation and identification of nasal neoplasia properties, as well as intraoperative tracking, providing an important basis for nasal endoscopic surgery. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 1050 video data of nasal endoscopic surgeries involving four types of nasal neoplasms. Using Deep Snake, U-Net, and Att-Res2-UNet, we developed a nasal neoplastic detection network based on endoscopic images. After deep learning, the optimal network was selected as the initialization model and trained to optimize the SiamMask online tracking algorithm. Results: The Att-Res2-UNet network demonstrated the highest accuracy and precision, with the most accurate recognition results. The overall accuracy of the model established by us achieved an overall accuracy similar to that of residents (0.9707 ± 0.00984), while slightly lower than that of rhinologists (0.9790 ± 0.00348). SiamMask’s segmentation range was consistent with rhinologists, with a 99% compliance rate and a neoplasm probability value ≥ 0.5. Conclusions: This study successfully established an AI-assisted nasal endoscopic diagnostic system that can preliminarily identify nasal neoplasms from endoscopic images and automatically track them in real time during surgery, enhancing the efficiency of endoscopic diagnosis and surgery.

Background/Objectives: To investigate the relationship between patient age and the clinical efficacy of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) for allergic rhinitis (AR), aiming to provide a reference for patient selection and efficacy improvement in clinical practice. Methods: We conducted a retrospective statistical analysis of clinical data from 240 AR patients who underwent standardized house dust mite (HDM) SCIT for at least 6 months at our hospital between 2019 and 2025. Patients were stratified into four age groups (children, young adults, middle-aged adults, and the elderly) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The clinical efficacy, nasal symptom scores, Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) scores, peripheral blood regulatory T cell (Treg) and regulatory B cell (Breg) levels, and adverse reactions were analyzed across these age strata. Additionally, to investigate the underlying mechanisms, we utilized a public single-cell transcriptomic dataset (GSE176269; n = 35, age 4 months-65 years) to assess the relationship between T cell senescence and age through data integration and senescence gene set scoring. For multiple comparisons, the significance level was adjusted using the Bonferroni method. This adjustment ensured the overall significance level (α) of the study was maintained at 0.05, and the final adjusted significance level (α′) for each age group was 0.0125. Results: The overall response rate for the entire cohort was 62.5%. Age-stratified analysis revealed a significantly higher response rate in children (83.3%) compared to middle-aged and elderly patients (48.5% and 20%, respectively), with the difference being statistically significant (p < 0.001). Following treatment, both total nasal symptom scores and RQLQ scores decreased significantly across all age groups compared to baseline (p < 0.001). Peripheral blood Treg and Breg levels increased post-treatment in all age groups; however, the increase was not statistically significant in the middle-aged and elderly groups (p > 0.0125). The incidence of systemic adverse reactions was 4.17% (all Grade I), occurring primarily in the child and young adult groups, but the difference among age groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.0125). Mechanistically, our single-cell analysis revealed that T cells within the nasal mucosa exhibit significant age-dependent senescence. Conclusions: SCIT is a safe and effective treatment for AR across all age groups. However, pediatric patients appear to derive greater benefit compared to middle-aged and elderly patients, a finding that corresponds with age-stratified immunological data. Therefore, different efficacy expectations should be considered when selecting SCIT for patients of varying ages, and future research should explore strategies targeting T cell senescence to enhance desensitization efficacy in elderly patients.

Background/Objectives: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease in which eosinophilic subclassification is widely used for clinical stratification. However, it remains unclear how closely nominal histologic eosinophilic labels reflect the broader molecular organization of diseased tissue. Methods: We performed an inference-based integrative analysis of public datasets spanning discovery single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), independent scRNA-seq validation, GeoMx digital spatial profiling, and bulk transcriptomic replication cohorts. A sample-level molecular burden framework was constructed using four dimensions: type 2 inflammation, epithelial injury/remodeling, extracellular-matrix remodeling, and barrier/defense impairment. Composite burden and component-level features were then examined across nominal eosinophilic categories, epithelial states, spatial compartments, and independent bulk cohorts. Results: Nominal eosinophilic labels were directionally informative but incompletely concordant with molecular burden. In the discovery cohort, eosinophilic CRSwNP samples were enriched toward the higher-burden end, whereas nominally non-eosinophilic CRSwNP samples extended across the intermediate-to-high burden range. Across discovery and validation scRNA-seq datasets, GeoMx spatial profiling, and independent bulk cohorts, the most reproducible burden-associated signals centered on epithelial injury/remodeling-like programs and related remodeling features. In the epithelial compartment, higher burden was associated with epithelial state reorganization, stronger wounding-associated activity, and trajectory-linked glandular/secretory remodeling. Independent validation and spatial analyses further supported epithelial wounding-, barrier-, and myeloid remodeling-related features, whereas type 2 context signals were directionally consistent but less uniform across platforms. In bulk replication, composite burden, epithelial wounding, and myeloid remodeling were more consistent across cohorts than type 2 context alone. Conclusions: Nominal eosinophilic labels in CRSwNP capture clinically relevant but incomplete information about underlying tissue biology. Epithelial injury/remodeling-like programs and remodeling-linked myeloid features emerged as the most stable organizational axes of molecular burden across public multimodal datasets. These findings support a graded, multidimensional view of CRSwNP and may complement, rather than replace, conventional pathology-based eosinophilic subclassification.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic inflammatory disorder of the upper airway in which allergen sensitization interacts with epithelial, neural, and immune responses, as well as comorbidity and treatment context, to shape clinical expression