Field studies conducted in 2018–2019 in the northern Steppe of Ukraine with sunflower hybrids of different maturity groups (LG 50300, LG 5580, LG 5478, LG 5638, LG 5662) showed that the crop density of early-crop hybrid LG 50300 from 55,000 plants/hectare to 70,000 plants/hectare led to a decrease in productivity by 0.11 t ha ⁻¹ and a decrease in oil content by 0.9%. The density of middle-early hybrid LG 5580 resulted in a decrease in sowing productivity of 0.21 t ha ⁻¹ , while oil content remained nearly the same. Another middle-early hybrid LG 5478 showed slight variations in productivity and oil content with an increase of crop density. The study of the mid-season hybrid LG 5038 showed a decrease in sowing productivity by 0.2 t ha ⁻¹ with the density up to 70,000 plants/hectare. Mid-season hybrid LG 5662 with density of 70,000 plants/hectare showed productivity increase by 0.14 t ha ⁻¹ .

Kateryna Vasylkovska, Associate Professor, PhD in Technics (Candidate of Technical Sciences), Assistant Professor at Department of General Farming, Central Ukrainian National Technical University, Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine, E-mail: vasilkovskakv@ukr.net Valentyna Malakhovska, Lecturer in the Department of General Agriculture, Central Ukrainian National Technical University, Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine, E-mail: malax@i.ua Abstract The beginning of this century was marked by increased interest in food and energy security. The favorable geographical position and favorable natural and climatic conditions together with exclusive black earths make Ukraine one of the most promising producers of food in the world. However, there are a number of problems, both internal and external, that do not allow our country to fully reach its full potential. Along with the war in the east and political instability, there are a number of problems with the transformation of foreign trade and integration into the EU. The purpose of this article is to analyze the export potential of cereals in Ukraine, to determine the dependencies between the gross harvest, yield and export of cereals, as well as to formulate recommendations for determining the efficiency of Ukrainian exports, its capacity and opportunities to increase in connection with the transition to new technologies for growing cereals in the face of changing climatic conditions. It was found that with a constant average value of the area under cereals of 14.9 million hectares, the gross collection tended to grow steadily, and accordingly the prospects for an increase in the share of grain exports appeared. It has been proved that this was made possible by the change in cultivation technology and, as a consequence, the increase of grain yield to 47.4 centner per hectare in 2018, which exceeds the 2000 figure (19.4 centner per hectare) by 2.4 times. The share of exports in the gross collection also tended to increase. In 2000, the share of exports was 5.3%, and in 2018 - 70.6%. Leaving 20.5 to 22.5 million tones of grain, Ukrainian agrarians export an average of 38.9% of the harvest. The study shows that Ukraine has the prerequisites for increasing grain exports, which is facilitated by such external factors as WTO accession, integration processes, and market orientation in the EU. At the same time, it is substantiated that considerable attention should be paid to the organizational and technological factors of the internal environment of agricultural producers. Due to changes in climatic conditions, there is a gradual change in the technology of growing crops. Changing the technology of cultivation involves the transition to new agricultural units that will provide moisture-saving agriculture. Without state support for agricultural production, it is impossible for farmers to make a qualitative and quantitative transition to higher yields. That is, direct support of farms by the state in the transition to the newest systems of cultivation technology is a key to increasing Ukraine's grain yields and, as a result of its export potential. Further studies of Ukraine's export potential should focus on identifying the dependence of the gross harvest and yield of oilseeds, as well as exploring the prospects for increasing the share of exports of oilseeds in Ukraine and formulating recommendations on how to increase their share of exports and prospects for their highly productive cultivation. Keywords cereals, area of crops, gross harvest, yield, export, analysis Full Text: PDF References 1. Vasylkovska, K. (2009). Yak zarobytynavrozhai [How to make money on crops?]. Ekonomichna Pravda – Economic truth. Retrieved from https://www.epravda.com.ua/columns/2009/09/17/207954/ [in Ukrainian]. 2. Ofitsiinyi sait Derzhavnoi sluzhby statystyky Ukrainy [Official site of the State Statistics Services of Ukraine].www.ukrstat.gov.ua. Retrieved from: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/. 3. Kyzym, M. O., Matiushenko, I. Yu., Shpilevskyi, V. V., Khaustova, V. Ye. & Dorovskyi, O. V. (2014). Otsinka naslidkiv chlenstva Ukrainy u Svitovii orhanizatsii torhivli: monohrafiia. [Assessment of the consequences of Ukraine's membership in the World Trade Organization: a monograph] NAN Ukrainy, Naukovo-doslidnyi tsentr industrialnykh problem rozvytku. Kharkiv: INZhEK. 209. [in Ukrainian]. 4. Kyrylenko, I.H., Ivchenko, V.Ye. & Dem'ianchuk, V.V. (2017). Prodovol'cha bezpeka Ukrainy v svitli suchasnykh tendentsij svitovoi ekonomiky [Ukraine's food security in light of current trends in the world economy]. Ekonomika APK – Economics AIC, 8, 5-14 Retrieved from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/E_apk_2017_8_3 [in Ukrainian]. 5. Klymenko, I. V. [& etc.] (2013). Ukraina v intehratsiinykh protsesakh na postradianskomu prostori: modeliuvannia alternatyv: analitychna dopovid. [Ukraine in Integration Processes in the Post-Soviet Space: Modeling Alternatives: An Analytical Report]. Natsionalnyi instytut stratehichnykh doslidzhen. K. 104 [in Ukrainian]. 6. Kobuta, I. V. (2010). Ahrarni aspekty stvorennia zony vilnoi torhivli mizh Ukrainoiu ta ES. [Agrarian aspects of creating a free trade area between Ukraine and the EU]. Aktualni problemy ekonomiky – Current problems of the economy. № 4. 31-38 [in Ukrainian]. 7. Makhan'ova, Yu. M. (2015). Eksport zernovykh kul'tur Ukrainy, ES I krain svitu v umovakh suchasnykh intehratsijnykh protsesiv [Export of cereals of Ukraine, EU and countries of the world in the conditions of modern integration processes]. Problemy ekonomiky – Problems of economy, 1, 27-36 Retrieved from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Pekon_2015_1_5 [in Ukrainian]. 8. Mostipan, M.I. (2019). Reaktsiia pshenytsi ozymoi na chas prypynennia osinn'oi vehetatsii v Pivnichnomu Stepu Ukrainy [Winter wheat response to the termination of autumn vegetation in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine]. Visnyk Poltavs'koi derzhavnoi ahrarnoi akademii– Bulletin of Poltava State Agrarian Academy, 1, 116-126 [in Ukrainian]. 9. Mostipan, M.I., & Umrykhin, N.L. (2018). Vrozhajnist' pshenytsi ozymoi zalezhno vid pohodnykh umovu rann'ovesnianyj period v umovakh pivnichnoho Stepu Ukrainy [Winter wheat yield depending on weather conditions in early spring in the northern Steppe of Ukraine]. Visnyk Poltavs'koi derzhavnoi ahrarnoi akademii – Bulletin of Poltava State Agrarian Academy, 4, 62-69 [in Ukrainian]. 10. Nakonechna, K.V. & Yakubovs'ka, Ya.V. (2018). Eksport sil's'kohospodars'koi produktsii Ukrainy v umovakh funktsionuvannia zony vil'noi torhivli z ES [Export of agricultural products of Ukraine under conditions of functioning of freetrade area with EU]. Efektyvna ekonomika – Efficient economy, 12. Retrieved from http://www.economy.nayka.com.ua/?op=1&z=6767 [in Ukrainian]. 11. Tanchyk, S., & Tsentylo, L. (2012). Osoblyvosti vyroschuvannia pshenytsi ozymoi v Ukraini [Features of winter wheat cultivation in Ukraine]. Propozytsiia – Proposal. Retrieved from: https://propozitsiya.com/ua/osoblivosti-viroshchuvannya-pshenici-ozimoyi-v-ukrayini [in Ukrainian]. 12. Tochylin V. O., Ostashko T. O., Lapko O. O., Venher V. V. & Voloshchenko-Kholda L. Yu. (2012). Rynky realnoho sektora ekonomiky Ukrainy v instytutsionalnomu seredovyshchi SOT: koniunktura ta intehratsiia: [monohrafiia]. [The real economy markets of Ukraine in the WTO institutional environment: conjuncture and integration: [monograph] NAN Ukrainy, Instytute konomiky ta prohnozuvannia. K. [in Ukrainian]. 13. Barrera, A. (2011). New realities, new paradigms: the new agricultural revolution. Comuniica Magazine. Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture. pp. 1-13. [In English]. 14. Esfahani, A. A. K.; Mirdamadi, S. M.; Hosseini, S. J. F. &Lashgarara, F. (2019). Overseas cultivation: the complimentary approach for developing food security. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 25(1), pp. 26-35. [In English]. <!-- GOST Style Citations --> GOST Style Citations Васильковська, К. Як заробити на врожаї. Економічна правда. URL: https://www.epravda.com.ua/columns/2009/09/17/207954/ (дата звернення 20.11.2019). Державна служба статистики України. URL: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ (дата звернення 20.11.2019). Кизим М. О. Матюшенко І. Ю., Шпілевський В. В., Хаустова В. Є., Доровський О. В. Оцінка наслідків членства України у Світовій організації торгівлі: монографія. НАН України, Науково-дослідний центр індустріальних проблем розвитку. Харків: ІНЖЕК, 2014. 209 c. Кириленко І. Г., Івченко В. Є., Дем’янчук В. В.Продовольча безпека України в світлі сучасних тенденцій світової економіки. Економіка АПК. 2017. №8. С. 5-14. Клименко І. В. [та ін.] Україна в інтеграційних процесах на пострадянському просторі: моделювання альтернатив: аналітична доповідь. Національний інститут стратегічних досліджень. – К., 2013. 104 с. Кобута І. В. Аграрні аспекти створення зони вільної торгівлі між Україною та ЄС. Актуальні проблеми економіки. 2010. № 4. С. 31-38. Маханьова Ю. М. Експорт зернових культур України, ЄС і країн світу в умовах сучасних інтеграційних процесів. Проблеми економіки. 2015. №1. С. 27-36. Мостіпан М. І. Реакція пшениці озимої на час припинення осінньої вегетації в Північному Степу України. Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії. 2019. № 1. С. 116-126. Мостіпан М. І., Умрихін Н. Л. Врожайність пшениці озимої залежно від погодних умов у ранньовесняний період в умовах північного Степу України. Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії. 2018. № 4. С. 62-69. Наконечна К. В., Якубовська Я. В. Експорт сільськогосподарської продукції України в умовах функціонування зони вільної торгівлі з ЄС. Ефективна економіка. 2018. №12. URL: http://www.economy.nayka.com.ua/?op=1&z=6767 (DOI: 10.32702/2307-2105-2018.12.96) (дата звернення 20.11.2019). Танчик С., Центило Л. Особливості вирощування пшениці озимої в Україні. Пропозиція. URL: https://propozitsiya.com/ua/osoblivosti-viroshchuvannya-pshenici-ozimoyi-v-ukrayini (дата звернення 20.11.2019). Точилін В. О., Осташко Т. О., Лапко О. О., Венгер В. В., Волощенко-Холда Л. Ю. Ринки реального сектора економіки України в інституціональному середовищі СОТ: кон’юнктура та інтеграція: [монографія]. НАН України, Інститут економіки та прогнозування. К., 2012. 550 c. Barrera, A. New realities, new paradigms: the new agricultural revolution. Comuniica Magazine. Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture. 2011. pp. 1-13. Esfahani, A. A. K., Mirdamadi, S. M., Hosseini, S. J. F., & Lashgarara, F. Overseas cultivation: the complimentary approach for developing food security. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 25(1), 2019. pp. 26-35. Copyright (c) 2019 Kateryna Vasylkovska, Valentyna Malakhovska The beginning of this century was marked by increased interest in food and energy security. The favorable geographical position and favorable natural and climatic conditions together with exclusive black earths make Ukraine one of the most promising producers of food in the world. However, there are a number of problems, both internal and external, that do not allow our country to fully reach its full potential. Along with the war in the east and political instability, there are a number of problems with the transformation of foreign trade and integration into the EU. The purpose of this article is to analyze the export potential of cereals in Ukraine, to determine the dependencies between the gross harvest, yield and export of cereals, as well as to formulate recommendations for determining the efficiency of Ukrainian exports, its capacity and opportunities to increase in connection with the transition to new technologies for growing cereals in the face of changing climatic conditions. It was found that with a constant average value of the area under cereals of 14.9 million hectares, the gross collection tended to grow steadily, and accordingly the prospects for an increase in the share of grain exports appeared. It has been proved that this was made possible by the change in cultivation technology and, as a consequence, the increase of grain yield to 47.4 centner per hectare in 2018, which exceeds the 2000 figure (19.4 centner per hectare) by 2.4 times. The share of exports in the gross collection also tended to increase. In 2000, the share of exports was 5.3%, and in 2018 - 70.6%. Leaving 20.5 to 22.5 million tones of grain, Ukrainian agrarians export an average of 38.9% of the harvest. The study shows that Ukraine has the prerequisites for increasing grain exports, which is facilitated by such external factors as WTO accession, integration processes, and market orientation in the EU. At the same time, it is substantiated that considerable attention should be paid to the organizational and technological factors of the internal environment of agricultural producers. Due to changes in climatic conditions, there is a gradual change in the technology of growing crops. Changing the technology of cultivation involves the transition to new agricultural units that will provide moisture-saving agriculture. Without state support for agricultural production, it is impossible for farmers to make a qualitative and quantitative transition to higher yields. That is, direct support of farms by the state in the transition to the newest systems of cultivation technology is a key to increasing Ukraine's grain yields and, as a result of its export potential. Further studies of Ukraine's export potential should focus on identifying the dependence of the gross harvest and yield of oilseeds, as well as exploring the prospects for increasing the share of exports of oilseeds in Ukraine and formulating recommendations on how to increase their share of exports and prospects for their highly productive cultivation. Keywords cereals, area of crops, gross harvest, yield, export, analysis Full Text: PDF References 1. Vasylkovska, K. (2009). Yak zarobytynavrozhai [How to make money on crops?]. Ekonomichna Pravda – Economic truth. Retrieved from https://www.epravda.com.ua/columns/2009/09/17/207954/ [in Ukrainian]. 2. Ofitsiinyi sait Derzhavnoi sluzhby statystyky Ukrainy [Official site of the State Statistics Services of Ukraine].www.ukrstat.gov.ua. Retrieved from: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/. 3. Kyzym, M. O., Matiushenko, I. Yu., Shpilevskyi, V. V., Khaustova, V. Ye. & Dorovskyi, O. V. (2014). Otsinka naslidkiv chlenstva Ukrainy u Svitovii orhanizatsii torhivli: monohrafiia. [Assessment of the consequences of Ukraine's membership in the World Trade Organization: a monograph] NAN Ukrainy, Naukovo-doslidnyi tsentr industrialnykh problem rozvytku. Kharkiv: INZhEK. 209. [in Ukrainian]. 4. Kyrylenko, I.H., Ivchenko, V.Ye. & Dem'ianchuk, V.V. (2017). Prodovol'cha bezpeka Ukrainy v svitli suchasnykh tendentsij svitovoi ekonomiky [Ukraine's food security in light of current trends in the world economy]. Ekonomika APK – Economics AIC, 8, 5-14 Retrieved from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/E_apk_2017_8_3 [in Ukrainian]. 5. Klymenko, I. V. [& etc.] (2013). Ukraina v intehratsiinykh protsesakh na postradianskomu prostori: modeliuvannia alternatyv: analitychna dopovid. [Ukraine in Integration Processes in the Post-Soviet Space: Modeling Alternatives: An Analytical Report]. Natsionalnyi instytut stratehichnykh doslidzhen. K. 104 [in Ukrainian]. 6. Kobuta, I. V. (2010). Ahrarni aspekty stvorennia zony vilnoi torhivli mizh Ukrainoiu ta ES. [Agrarian aspects of creating a free trade area between Ukraine and the EU]. Aktualni problemy ekonomiky – Current problems of the economy. № 4. 31-38 [in Ukrainian]. 7. Makhan'ova, Yu. M. (2015). Eksport zernovykh kul'tur Ukrainy, ES I krain svitu v umovakh suchasnykh intehratsijnykh protsesiv [Export of cereals of Ukraine, EU and countries of the world in the conditions of modern integration processes]. Problemy ekonomiky – Problems of economy, 1, 27-36 Retrieved from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Pekon_2015_1_5 [in Ukrainian]. 8. Mostipan, M.I. (2019). Reaktsiia pshenytsi ozymoi na chas prypynennia osinn'oi vehetatsii v Pivnichnomu Stepu Ukrainy [Winter wheat response to the termination of autumn vegetation in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine]. Visnyk Poltavs'koi derzhavnoi ahrarnoi akademii– Bulletin of Poltava State Agrarian Academy, 1, 116-126 [in Ukrainian]. 9. Mostipan, M.I., & Umrykhin, N.L. (2018). Vrozhajnist' pshenytsi ozymoi zalezhno vid pohodnykh umovu rann'ovesnianyj period v umovakh pivnichnoho Stepu Ukrainy [Winter wheat yield depending on weather conditions in early spring in the northern Steppe of Ukraine]. Visnyk Poltavs'koi derzhavnoi ahrarnoi akademii – Bulletin of Poltava State Agrarian Academy, 4, 62-69 [in Ukrainian]. 10. Nakonechna, K.V. & Yakubovs'ka, Ya.V. (2018). Eksport sil's'kohospodars'koi produktsii Ukrainy v umovakh funktsionuvannia zony vil'noi torhivli z ES [Export of agricultural products of Ukraine under conditions of functioning of freetrade area with EU]. Efektyvna ekonomika – Efficient economy, 12. Retrieved from http://www.economy.nayka.com.ua/?op=1&z=6767 [in Ukrainian]. 11. Tanchyk, S., & Tsentylo, L. (2012). Osoblyvosti vyroschuvannia pshenytsi ozymoi v Ukraini [Features of winter wheat cultivation in Ukraine]. Propozytsiia – Proposal. Retrieved from: https://propozitsiya.com/ua/osoblivosti-viroshchuvannya-pshenici-ozimoyi-v-ukrayini [in Ukrainian]. 12. Tochylin V. O., Ostashko T. O., Lapko O. O., Venher V. V. & Voloshchenko-Kholda L. Yu. (2012). Rynky realnoho sektora ekonomiky Ukrainy v instytutsionalnomu seredovyshchi SOT: koniunktura ta intehratsiia: [monohrafiia]. [The real economy markets of Ukraine in the WTO institutional environment: conjuncture and integration: [monograph] NAN Ukrainy, Instytute konomiky ta prohnozuvannia. K. [in Ukrainian]. 13. Barrera, A. (2011). New realities, new paradigms: the new agricultural revolution. Comuniica Magazine. Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture. pp. 1-13. [In English]. 14. Esfahani, A. A. K.; Mirdamadi, S. M.; Hosseini, S. J. F. &Lashgarara, F. (2019). Overseas cultivation: the complimentary approach for developing food security. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 25(1), pp. 26-35. [In English]. GOST Style Citations Васильковська, К. Як заробити на врожаї. Економічна правда. URL: https://www.epravda.com.ua/columns/2009/09/17/207954/ (дата звернення 20.11.2019). Державна служба статистики України. URL: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ (дата звернення 20.11.2019). Кизим М. О....

"The production and yield of grain crops in Ukraine from 2000 to 2019 was analysed in the article. The comparative analysis of gross harvest and export of grain during these years was carried out and the dependence of exports on gross harvest and its share was determined. The results point out that the export of grain crops has increased over the years under research, which indicates Ukraine’s significant export potential. Thus, leaving for the needs of the country from 16.0 to 36.6 million tons of grain (on average, 25.9 million tons), Ukrainian farmers export an average of 40.7% of the crop. During the period from 2000 to 2019, the gross harvest of grains in the country averaged 48.4 million tons resulting in the annual potential share of exports of at least 22.4 million tons. It was also found that the increase in the share of exports was made possible by a qualitative change in yield, which was due to the changes in crop growing technology. However, with global warming and climate change, new challenges for agricultural producers are emerging. The recommendations were given in order to improve the crop growing technology that will allow to overcome these challenges, further increase yields and Ukraine's export potential. "

The article provides a comparative analysis of sunflower seed production in Ukraine, the EU and globally for the period from 2000 to 2021. The Ukraine’s share in the world sunflower production was found and analyzed. The analysis of the gross collection of sunflower seeds in the regions of Ukraine for two conditional periods (2000–2010 and 2011–2021) was carried out. Thus, during the researched period, the average yield increased from 1.04 t/ha in 2000 to 2.57 in 2021, i.e. by 2.5 times. It became possible due to the improvement and adaptation of cultivation technology and careful selection of sunflower hybrids that are better adapted to climatic changes. It was determined that the change in climatic conditions has affected the zones of comfortable sunflower cultivation in Ukraine. According to the yield index, during the first conditional period the central regions of Ukraine were in the lead (1.57 t/ha), and during the second period, the northwest regions of the country stepped up (2.83 t/ha). The above data suggest that the gradual change in sunflower cultivation technology and the search for new drought-resistant crop hybrids give hope that Ukraine will maintain its position in the world as a leader in the export of sunflower oil.