Autogenous bone graft is gold standard in treating bone defects, but it might have difficulty in corporation and rejection reaction. This study is to compare the effectiveness among freeze-dried xenograft, freeze-dried allograft, hydroxyapatite xenograft, and demineralized bone matrix xenograft as bone graft to fill bone defect in femoral diaphysis of white rabbit. Thirty male New Zealand white rabbits were distributed into five groups. Bone defect was filled correspondingly with xenograft freeze-dried cortical bovine, allograft freeze-dried cortical New Zealand white rabbit, xenograft hydroxyapatite bovine, and xenograft demineralized bone matrix bovine. No graft was used in control group. VEGF, osteoblast, and woven bone were higher in allograft freeze-dried cortical New Zealand white rabbit (mean 5.6625 (p<0.05)) and xenograft demineralized bone matrix bovine (mean 5.2475 (p<0.05)) with calcification of woven bone was already seen in week 2 in the latter group. There was a decrease of woven bone (mean 4.685 (p<0.05)) fibrous tissue (mean 41.07 (p<0.05)) in xenograft demineralized bone matrix bovine. The Immunoglobulin-G was elevated in control and all study groups but not significantly (p=0.07855). Bone healing process in xenograft demineralized bone matrix bovine is more effective than in xenograft hydroxyapatite bovine, allograft freeze-dried New Zealand white rabbit, xenograft freeze-dried cortical bovine, and control.

Introduction: Nonunion due to a critical-sized bone defect is a complicated problem. The healing process must fulfill three mandatory elements of osteogenesis, osteoinduction, and osteoconduction. One ideal source to provide an abundant number of osteogenic cells is from the process of the culture of bone marrow stem cells which demands the availability of processing facility. Unfortunately, this sophisticated option is not always feasible in every hospital in low-income to middle-income countries. We tried to fulfill the requirement of osteogenic cells by using simple and cost-effective bone marrow aspirate. We presented two cases of critical-sized diaphyseal bone defect treated with the combination of bone marrow aspirate, cancellous bone allograft, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Presentation of cases: The defect sizes were five and six centimeters in humerus and tibia respectively. We applied a combination of bone marrow aspirate, cancellous bone allograft, and PRP to promote bone healing in the defect sites. Both patients have achieved the good clinical and radiological outcome. Discussion: Critical-sized bone defects require the application of tissue engineering. Aspirated bone marrow can be used as a more affordable option to provide the element of osteogenic cells in bone healing. Combined with cancellous bone allograft and PRP, they fulfill the required ingredients to promote bone regeneration. Conclusion: Bone defects remain one of the most challenging conditions to treat in orthopedic. There are many options to treat the defect but the fundamental prerequisites of cells, scaffolds and growth factors for healing have developed into the concept of tissue engineering: osteogenesis, osteoinduction, and osteoconduction. Highlights:

The process of decellularization is crucial for producing a substitute for the absent tracheal segment, and the choice of agents and methods significantly influences the outcomes. This paper aims to systematically review the efficacy of diverse tracheal decellularization agents and methods using the PRISMA flowchart. Inclusion criteria encompassed experimental studies published between 2018 and 2023, written in English, and detailing outcomes related to histopathological anatomy, DNA quantification, ECM evaluation, and biomechanical characteristics. Exclusion criteria involved studies related to 3D printing, biomaterials, and partial decellularization. A comprehensive search on PubMed, NCBI, and ScienceDirect yielded 17 relevant literatures. The integration of various agents and methods has proven effective in the process of tracheal decellularization, highlighting the distinct advantages and drawbacks associated with each agent and method.

Intervertebral disk degeneration (IDD) is a chronic condition brought on by various factors and mechanisms that have been linked to many deaths and illnesses. The causes of IDD involve multiple processes, including genetics, stress, cellular aging, and changes in nutrition due to the limited blood supply. Animal models play a crucial role in biomedical research and the selection of these models is based on many considerations, including the need for similarities in structure and function with humans. This is important because the etiology and pathogenesis of IDD are complex. Finding the right animal model is not an easy task. In addition to having similarities to humans, these models should also be reliable, reproducible, cost-effective, and easy to maintain. One common method of inducing IDD in animal models is needle puncture. This method is less invasive and time-consuming compared to other methods and allows for precise control over the extent and location of the injury.

Soft tissue sarcoma is one cause of mortality in adult malignancies. This tumor is rare, persistent, and highly-recurrent. Many patients are came in late stage. It is important to identify a prognostic tool that is reliable, easily obtainable, and widely applicable. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the prognostic value of clinicopathological and biomarker factors in patients with soft tissue sarcoma. This retrospective study extracts data from the musculoskeletal tumor registry from January 2012 to December 2018 in a single tertiary hospital. Eighty patients with diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma were included. Preoperative modified Glasgow Prognostic Score, Neutrophils/Lymphocytes Ratio, Hemoglobin, serum lactate dehydrogenase data were analyzed along with demographic, clinical, radiological and histopathological data. The relationship between variables on overall survival, distant metastasis, and local recurrence were evaluated using univariate and multivariate Cox regression. On univariate analysis, there was significant relationship between hemoglobin, Neutrophils/Lymphocytes Ratio and modified Glasgow Prognostic Score with overall survival (p = 0.031, HR = 1.99; p = 0.04, HR = 1.129; and p = 0.044, HR = 3.89). A significant relationship was found between age and soft tissue sarcoma stage with distant metastasis (p = 0.046, HR = 1.95; and p = 0.00, HR = 3.22). In addition, we also found significant relationship between surgical margin with local recurrence (p = 0.018, OR = 3.44). However, on multivariate analysis the independent prognostic factor for overall survival was only modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (HR = 2.138; p = 0.011). Stage IIIA (HR = 5.32; p = 0.005) and IIIB (HR = 13.48; p = 0.00) were independent prognostic for distant metastasis. Surgical margin was independently associated with local recurrence (HR = 14.84; p = 0.001). Modified Glasgow Prognostic Score can be used as prognostic tool of overall survival in soft tissue sarcoma patients. Moreover, stage of STS and surgical margin can be used as a prognostic factor for distant metastasis and local recurrence of soft tissue sarcoma respectively.