Neuroinflammation is the major cause of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Currently available drugs present relatively low efficacy and are not capable of modifying the course of the disease or delaying its progression. Identifying well-tolerated and brain-penetrant agents of plant origin could fulfil the pressing need for novel treatment techniques for neuroinflammation. Attention has been drawn to a large family of flavonoids in citrus fruits, which may function as strong nutraceuticals in slowing down the development and progression of neuroinflammation. This review is aimed at elucidating and summarizing the effects of the flavonoid tangeretin (TAN) in the management of neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegenerative disorders. A literature survey was performed using various resources, including ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer, and Web of Science. The data revealed that TAN exhibited immense neuroprotective effects in addition to its anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonistic effects. The effects of TAN are mainly mediated through the inhibition of oxidative and inflammatory pathways via regulating multiple signaling pathways, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, and CRE-dependent transcription. In conclusion, the citrus flavonoid TAN has the potential to prevent neuronal death mediated by neuroinflammatory pathways and can be developed as an auxiliary therapeutic agent in the management of neurodegenerative disorders.

Background Alzheimer's Disease (AD), is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, that results in memory loss, cognitive impairment and behavioral abnormalities. It is one of the most widely spread diseases and is common among elders. In AD there is an increase in the generation of ROS, RNS and phosphorylation of TAU. As a result, efforts to produce AD medications have centered on lowering the levels of Aβ (Amyoid β). Cholesterol stabilizes β-secretase and γ-secretase and promotes amyloidogenesis. Aim The current work evaluated the therapeutic potential of plant-based berberine for Aβ clearance in a rodent model of AD via HMG CoA reductase inhibitory action. Materials and Methods The olfactory sensibility (Buried pellet test), spatial memory (Morris water maze) and recognition memory (Novel Object Recognition Test-NORT) were used to evaluate berberines’ protective effects using female C57BL/6 mice. It was reported that Streptozotocin (STZ) causes memory loss and dysregulation of lipid metabolism. Results The current investigation showed encouraging results in slowing the progression of AD by reducing Aβ deposition. The combination of Donepezil and berberine (DPZ-3.5 mg/kg and BBR-100 mg/kg/p.o) had significant improvement in behavioral parameters such as cognitive agility and olfactory function. BBR (100 mg/kg) has shown a significant decrease (40%) in total cholesterol levels compared to the disease group. Additionally, the group treated with BBR (100 mg/kg) alone showed a significant reduction in the Aβ amyloid deposition. Conclusion This study shows that berberine slows the progression of AD by regulating the lipid metabolism as a result reducing the deposition of Aβ amyloid.

Background: Salvia deserta Schangin (the Tartarian sage) is one of the little-studied species of the genus Salvia, despite the broad spectrum of biological activity of other representatives of this genus. The plant is common in Central Asia and is traditionally used in folk medicine, but its pharmacological properties have not yet been systematically investigated. The aim of the work was to experimentally study the pharmacological properties of the lyophilized extract of Salvia deserta Schangin, including the assessment of acute oral toxicity and analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity.Methods: The extract was obtained by ultrasonic extraction followed by lyophilization. Acute toxicity was determined according to OECD Guidelines No. 423. Analgesic activity was determined through the acetic acid writhing test in mice, and anti-inflammatory activity was tested in a model of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Antioxidant properties were assessed using the DPPH and FRAP methods.Results: The lyophilic extract of Salvia deserta Schangin showed low acute toxicity (LD??> 2,000 mg/kg), a pronounced analgesic effect comparable to that of diclofenac sodium, and a significant anti-inflammatory effect at a dose of 400 mg/kg. In DPPH and FRAP tests, the extract showed high antioxidant activity (EC?? = 11.85 ?g/ml; IC?? = 10.4399 ?g/ml).Conclusion: The obtained results demonstrate the strong pharmacological effects of the Tartarian sage and prove it to be a promising source of biologically active compounds with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The study presents the first comprehensive assessment of the pharmacological activity of the lyophilized extract of Salvia deserta Schangin, which gives grounds to consider this species as a new promising object for the development of phytopreparations.Keywords: Tartarian sage, Antinociceptive activity, Anti-inflammatory activity, Medicinal plant raw materials