Butyrate contributes epigenetically to the changes in cellular function and tissue development of the rumen in ruminant animals, which might be achieved by its genetic or epigenetic regulation of gene expression. To explore the role of butyrate on bovine rumen epithelial function and development, this study characterized genome-wide H3K27ac modification changes and super-enhancer profiles in rumen epithelial primary cells (REPC) induced with butyrate by ChIP-seq, and analyzed its effects on gene expression and functional pathways by integrating RNA-seq data. The results showed that genome-wide acetylation modification was observed in the REPC with 94,675 and 48,688 peaks in the butyrate treatment and control group, respectively. A total of 9750 and 5020 genes with increased modification (H3K27ac-gain) and decreased modification (H3K27ac-loss) were detected in the treatment group. The super-enhancer associated genes in the butyrate-induction group were involved in the AMPK signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and ECM-receptor interaction. Finally, the up-regulated genes (PLCG1, CLEC3B, IGSF23, OTOP3, ADTRP) with H3K27ac gain modification by butyrate were involved in cholesterol metabolism, lysosome, cell adhesion molecules, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Butyrate treatment has the role of genome-wide H3K27ac acetylation on bovine REPC, and affects the changes in gene expression. The effect of butyrate on gene expression correlates with the acetylation of the H3K27ac level. Identifying genome-wide acetylation modifications and expressed genes of butyrate in bovine REPC cells will expand the understanding of the biological role of butyrate and its acetylation.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs encoded by eukaryotic genomes that exhibit tissue-specific and temporal expression patterns. They play multifaceted roles in regulating gene expression across various tissues and developmental stages through several regulatory pathways. miR-144 has been implicated in cellular development in multiple species. However, its specific role in bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells (BSMSCs) remains unclear. The study aimed to elucidate the function of miR-144 in BSMSC development. The findings indicate that miR-144 inhibits BSMSC proliferation while promoting its differentiation. miR-144 overexpression led to the identification of 476 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), which were primarily involved in adrenergic, MAPK, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. Dual luciferase reporter assays confirmed that NACC1 is a target of bta-miR-144. Further analysis revealed that NACC1 promotes BSMSC proliferation and suppresses its differentiation. Collectively, these results suggest that miR-144 modulates BSMSC development by negatively regulating the NACC1 gene.