In animals with chronic pathologies, the detection of proteinuria via the proteinuria: creatininuria ratio (UPC) and urinary protein electrophoresis allows for the early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The objective of this work was to identify and determine the magnitude of proteinuria and its electrophoretic pattern characterization in dogs with chronic diseases pathophysiologically related to proteinuria. With the studied patients, five groups were formed. The control group (CG) contained non-proteinuric cases. The cases with proteinuria were classified into four groups according to the concurrent disease: chronic inflammatory diseases (IG), neoplasms (NG), heart diseases (HG), and endocrine diseases (EG). For the statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were used. Data from 264 dogs were obtained; in the disease groups, proteinuria was observed in more than 30% as the only finding of kidney disease, evidencing a greater risk factor for proteinuria in the HG group (OR 4.047, CI 1.894–8.644, p < 0.0001). In the HG, NG, and EG groups, a higher frequency of glomerular pattern (GEP) related to glomerular hypertension was observed; in the IG, a higher frequency of mixed pattern (MEP) was observed. These findings are secondary to the hyperfiltration process that affects the glomerulus and the renal tubule.

The present study aimed to systematically review the anxiolytic and analgesic effects of gabapentin and pregabalin in domestic cats to assess the quality of using these medications for stress, fear, and anxiety management, and the treatment of both acute and chronic pain. The search was carried out between March and May 2025 using four databases: PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The keywords used were the combination of “pregabalin,” “gabapentin,” “analgesia,” “anxiety,” “stress”, and “cats”. Narrative reviews, as well as experimental and observational studies, were included. Experimental studies were classified as randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, and prospective clinical trials, using the GRADE Pro GDP software (FP7-HEALTH.2010.3.1-1-two stage) to assess the certainty and confidence of the evidence. The initial search identified 57 manuscripts, of which 40 met the inclusion criteria. These studies focused on the management of stress, fear, and anxiety, as well as the control of acute and chronic pain in cats. Of these, 21 mention the use of gabapentin as an anxiolytic, while five report similar therapeutic effects of pregabalin. Regarding pain treatment, 12 papers and 2 papers support the use of gabapentin and pregabalin, respectively. This study confirms the validity of both drugs as therapeutic options for the management of stress, fear, and anxiety that impact the emotional welfare of cats. Furthermore, these drugs have been included in therapeutic guidelines for the control and treatment of acute and chronic pain in domestic cats. In conclusion, this systematic review supports the use of both drugs. Still, it highlights the need for more in-depth research and additional clinical trials to complement the existing evidence on the use of gabapentin and pregabalin.

Objetivo. Determinar la correlación de los biomarcadores de funcionamiento renal en la primera evaluación en perros con diferentes factores de riesgo identificados para desarrollar enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo de casos y controles de 388 animales, divididos en cinco grupos: grupo control (GC), y cuatro grupos de perros potencialmente enfermos renales (pERC). Se analizaron historia clínica, examen físico, condición corporal (CC), hemograma, perfil bioquímico con dimetilaginina simétrica (SDMA), urianálisis, ratio proteinuria/creatininuria (UPC) y medición de presión arterial sistémica. Se utilizó estadística no paramétrica y los datos fueron expresados en medianas y percentiles; para la CC se utilizó Xi². Para los biomarcadores se realizó correlación de Spearman. Resultados. Para SDMA y la creatinina sérica (CrS) se observó una correlación moderada para pERC (r = 0.69, p ˂ 0.001). Se observaron diferencias significativas en las variables edad (p = 0.002), y CC (p ˂ 0.001) entre el GC y los pERC. Los animales azotemia leve (CrS 125-250 mmol/L) y/o con un valor de SDMA de 18-35 mg/dL, con o sin proteinuria tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de presentar un incremento de SDMA cuando se presentó una CC por debajo de 5/9 (OR = 3.55, p = 0.005). Conclusiones. El SDMA es un biomarcador complementario útil en etapas preazotémicas y en estadios avanzados donde existen caquexia y sarcopenia. Los biomarcadores deben evaluarse en conjunto para tener perspectiva completa de la función renal en los animales con factores de riesgo para desarrollar ERC.

Cardiovascular function monitoring has been suggested as a key parameter to determine patient stability during the anesthetic process. However, the use of pulse co-oximetry has been suggested as a technology to complement the monitoring of this system as a direct way to assess hemoglobin (Hb) blood concentration. Therefore, this study aimed to correlate and determine the measurement bias between Hb blood levels with continuously determined blood hemoglobin concentration (SpHb) and arterial oxygen content values (SpOC), both obtained by noninvasive co-oximetry in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH). A total of 85 clinically healthy bitches of different breeds that were admitted for elective OVH surgery were evaluated. These animals underwent SpHb and SpOC capture after the in vivo setting for the duration of the surgical procedure. Likewise, five minutes before the end of the surgical procedure, a blood sample was obtained directly from the jugular vein to determine the blood concentration of Hb (Hb_LAB). The Bland–Altman analysis showed 95% limits of agreement from −4.22 to 4.99 g/dL with a BIAS (mean difference) of 0.384 ± 2.35 g/dL (r = 0.401). SpHb recordings were correlated with oxygen saturation (SpO₂) (r = 0.995), SpOC (r = 0.992) and with perfusion index (PI) (r = 0.418). Therefore, SpHb presents a moderate positive correlation with direct blood concentration of Hb. This possibly shows that continuous measurement of SpHb by noninvasive co-oximetry is a reliable and advanced alternative for monitoring Hb concentration in dogs under anesthesia.