Biological control of invasive species using co‐evolved natural enemies has long been considered a safe, cost effective, and environmentally benign tool for pest management. However, recent work has questioned the extent to which these imported natural enemies have negative impacts on populations of non‐target species. The result has been a vociferous debate about the safety and proper role of biological control, often without convincing evidence on either side. The issues are particularly well focused in Hawaii, with its high numbers of both endemics and invasive pest species. We review the data concerning environmental impacts from past biocontrol projects, discuss the patterns and generalizations that emerge from retrospective analyses, and consider some new techniques for risk assessment. We then emphasize the need for a federal regulatory framework that is rational, efficient, transparent, and ecologically meaningful.

In August 2010 the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, was first reported to have invaded the Kona coffee growing region of Hawaii, posing a severe economic challenge to the fourth largest agricultural commodity in the State. Despite its long and widespread occurrence throughout the tropics as the most serious pest of coffee, there are still discrepancies in the literature regarding several basic aspects of berry borer biology relevant to its control. In Kona coffee plantations, we investigated the beetles’ response to several trap and lure formulations, and examined the occurrence of beetles in seeds of alternate host plants occurring adjacent to coffee farms. While traps were shown to capture significant numbers of beetles per day, and the occurrence of beetles in alternate hosts was quite rare, the unique situation of coffee culture in Hawaii will make this pest extremely challenging to manage in the Islands.