Solid waste formed during the excavation of soft red stratum rock is often encountered in engineering practice. However, its reuse has been limited because it often shows a gradual degradation mechanism during water–rock interactions. Similarity simulation experiments of geotechnical materials have been developed to be environmentally friendly; however, their application in soft rock mechanics is still limited. Based on these limitations, this study aims to prepare red-bedded soft rock-like materials by referring to the diagenetic process of sedimentary rocks using low-melting-point glass powder (STGP) and high-temperature and vertical stress to accurately simulate the progressive disintegration properties of red-bedded soft rock. For this purpose, a series of laboratory tests were conducted to verify the function of STGP in the embedment of skeleton particles of soft rock as a cement material for resisting the dry–wet cycle. Micro-scanning electron microscopy, disintegration experiments with dry–wet cycles, and basic physical and mechanical property tests were conducted for the synthetic red soft rock-like material. Finally, the synthetic and natural materials were compared based on their density, microstructure, disintegration breakage, and uniaxial compression mechanical properties. The results showed that adding STGP promoted embedded solidification between aggregate particles. The simulated material exhibited the same characteristics of gradual disintegration breakage as natural red-bedded soft rock. Meanwhile, the basic physical and mechanical properties were in substantial agreement when the STGP content was 0.5~2%.

The stability of rock slope-footing systems is influenced by various factors, including slope geometry, rock mass strength, load properties, and foundation placement. Previous studies on the ultimate bearing capacity of strip footings on slopes have primarily focused on slope geometry and rock mass strength, with limited attention to the effects of foundation embedment depth and inclined loads. This study employs the finite element limit analysis (FELA) method to examine the influence of load inclination angles on the ultimate bearing capacity of strip footings with varying embedment depths on rock slopes. Additionally, an image recognition technique is utilized to quantify the sliding volume of the rock slope-footing system at the failure moment. A detailed parametric study is conducted, considering influential parameters such as embedment depth ratio, load properties (inclination angle), edge distance ratio, slope geometry, and geotechnical parameters based on the Hoek–Brown criterion. The results reveal that the ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation and the sliding volume of the system increase with greater foundation embedment depth. The impact of inclined loads on the slope-foundation system is represented by a failure envelope. Owing to the asymmetry of the slope-foundation geometry, the failure envelope is not symmetric about the vertical loading direction.

Accurate identification of slope failure mechanisms under shallow foundations is essential for reliable risk assessment and reinforcement design. However, existing studies often neglect the spatial variability of soil properties and the influence of footing shape. This study develops a non-intrusive stochastic finite difference framework integrating random field theory, Monte Carlo simulation, and a Gaussian mixture model to automatically characterize three-dimensional slope failure domains under rectangular footing loads. Results show that slope failure mechanisms are primarily governed by the footing aspect ratio and the scale of fluctuation in soil strength. Square footings mainly induce shallow slope face failure, whereas rectangular footings significantly increase the probability of deep toe failure as the scale of fluctuation increases. Stochastic analyses generally yield larger mean failure volumes than deterministic analyses. Risk assessment further indicates that risk levels are primarily controlled by the absolute failure volume at low safety factors, whereas failure variability becomes increasingly influential at higher safety factors.