Context: Linum usitatissimum (Linn); known as Flaxseed, is one of the most important medicinal plants traditionally used for health benefits and also as nutritional purposes. Objective: Estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and evaluation of the antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anticancer activities have been performed on hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and methanol extracts and also on fractions of methanol extract (hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol). Materials and Methods: Phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected using spectrophotometric and colorimetric assays. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were estimated in-vitro. Anticancer activity of extracts was tested on Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and breast cancer cell line (MCF7). Results: The methanolic extract and its ethyl acetate fraction showed higher contents of total phenols and flavonoids. Also, the methanolic extract showed a higher antioxidant activity. The butanolic and ethyl acetate fractions at concentration 500μg/ml yielded a higher percent of inhibition of protein denaturation; 87.9% and 90%, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction and the methanolic extract showed an obvious anticancer activity against HepG2 and MCF7 (IC50=60±0.24 and 29.4±0.12μg. ml-1) and (IC50=94.7±0.21 and 227±0.48μg. ml-1), respectively. The GC-MS analysis showed that the methanolic extract had 32 compounds whereas the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions contained 40 and 36 compounds, respectively. Conclusion: Flaxseed contains different biologically active compounds that have been found to possess various activities, which can protect the human body against several diseases.

Introduction: Cisplatin is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent; its clinical use is severely limited by serious side effects as nephrotoxicity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of defatted methanolic extract of two Egyptian plants: Lantana camara and Cucurbita pepo and certain fractions derived from the defatted methanolic extract of L. camara on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Also, identification of certain chemical constituents of L. camara by HPLC-ESI-MS. Methods: Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats by single dose of cisplatin. The effect of plants extract at doses 100-400 mg/kg.b.wt comparing with standard; ascorbic acid; was determined using serum urea, creatinine and some ions. Furthermore, the effect of these extracts on some renal antioxidant enzymes and histopathological examination of kidneys were examined. Results: The defatted methanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of L. camara showed the highest improvement of renal parameters. Also, HPLC-ESI-MS analysis of L. camara extracts exhibited bioactive phenolic compounds including phenyl ethanoid, flavonoids and phenolic acids. Conclusion: The phytochemical constituents of L. camara are responsible for their nephroprotective activity.

Human have been constantly using plants to overcome many diseases. Allium kurrat is an edible cultivated vegetable in Egypt. The aim of this survey is to determine total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the methanol extract and certainly obtained fractions from it. Antioxidant activity of these extracts was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radical), ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothialozine-sulphonic acid) and total antioxidant capacity assays. Also, cytotoxic activity of these extracts was determined against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and human colon carcinoma (Caco-2) using Neutral red assay. LC-ESI-MS analysis was carried out for the most active extracts. The results revealed that ethyl acetate fraction has the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents (127.45 ± 0.71 (mg GAE eq./g extract) and 98.55 ± 1.87 (mg RE eq./g extract)) as well as showed the highest antioxidant activity. On the other hand, the butanolic fraction had the highest antitumor activity on HepG2 and Caco-2 cell lines (36.2 μg/ mL and 44.6 μg/mL) respectively. These results proved that the antitumor activity of this plant is correlated with many active ingredients in it. The LC-ESI-MS analysis identified a mixture of phenolic compounds (flavonoid glycosides and phenolic acids). Thus, Allium kurrat contains active ingredients which inhibit the risk of many chronic diseases.

Phyllanthus emblica is used in traditional medicine due to its bioactive constituents. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the Phyllanthus emblica methanol extract and its chemical profile. The plant was extracted with 85% methanol and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antimicrobial activity on some Gram- positive, Gram-negative bacteria and some fungi species were evaluated. Also, GC-MS analysis of plant extract was administered. Phyllanthus emblica methanolic extract showed high total phenolic content (216.41± 2.1 mg GAE/g of dry extract) and total flavonoid content (32.31± 1.2 mg RE/g of dry extract). The antimicrobial activity of extract against some pathogenic microbes proved that the plant extract is effective against all species except Escherichia coli. The highest activity was showed against Aspergillus fumigatus & Syncephalastrum racemosum (fungi) as well as Staphylococcus aureus, Syncephalastrum racemosum & Streptococcus pneumonia (bacteria). GC-MS analysis of Phyllanthus emblica exhibited the presence of thirty-one bioactive compound. The major compounds are 1, 3-Dimethylindole (24.11%), Isopropyl palmitate (23.94%), Gamolenic acid (7.73%) 1, 5-Hexanediol (7.58%), 8, 11-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (6.66%), 2-Methylhexadecanoic acid (5.62%) and Linolenic acid (3.49%). Thus, Phyllanthus emblica may be used as a potential oral antibiotic against some pathogenic microbes.

Commiphora myrrha has been extensively used in traditional medicine. The biochemical characters of Commiphora myrrha hydro-methanolic and petroleum ether extracts were studied. The phenolic and flavonoid contents, DPPH assay, in vitro anti-inflammation activity of them by determining the membrane stabilizing activity and NO assay as well as chemical profile by GC-MS and HPLC were investigated. The results showed that phenolic and flavonoid content of hydro-methanolic extract (158.26 ± 3.44 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of extract and 91.43 ± 3.33 Rutin /g extract, respectively was higher than those of petroleum ether (126.16 ± 0.42 mg GAE/g of extract and 61.97 ± 2.5 mg Rutin /g extract, respectively). Also, hydro-methanolic has potent antioxidant activity than petroleum ether (IC50 = 46.56 ± 1.06 and 66.13 ± 1.64 μg/mL, respectively). Moreover, hydro-methanolic extract exhibited strong stabilizing effects on human red blood cell membrane as well as strong NO production inhibition. HPLC for hydro-methanolic extract showed 13 phenolic compounds and 8 flavonoid one. While, GC-MS analysis exhibited 49 compounds in the petroleum ether extract and 45 ones in the hydro-hydro-methanolicic extract. In general, the anti-inflammatory effect is correlated to antioxidant activity of the plant depends on the phenolic and flavonoid content.

Petroselinum crispum Mill. (family Apiaceae) is widely used as an essential spice due to its health benefits. This study aimed to investigate the constituents of P.crispum aerial parts and evaluate its hepatoprotective activity. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of P. crispum subjected to different chromatographic separation techniques. The compounds were identified on the basis of spectral data and compared with previously reported data. Also, the methanolic extract and n-butanol fraction were evaluated for in-vivo hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in mice (10 groups; 8 mice/group). All groups intraperitonially injected by CCl4 (0.5mg/kg b.w., i.p.) in single dose at 11th day, the treated groups received (100, 200, 300, 400 mg/kg b.w.) of MeOH extract and BuOH fraction separately for 14 days. The results revealed that seven compounds were isolated from EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions which were identified as β-sitosterol (1), quercetin (2), isorhmentin (3), apigenin (4), apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (cosmosiin) (5), diosmetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), apigenin 7-O-β- D- apiofuranosyl (1→2)-β- D glucopyranoside (apiin) (7). On other hand, CCl4 – induced hepatotoxicity cleared in severe liver damage, showed elevation of liver enzymes. The MeOH extract and n-BuOH fraction exhibited significant hepatoprotection in improvement liver enzymes, with a propensity to return to near-normal levels. So, P. crispum extracts are promising in-vivo hepatoprotective activity.