Model-based decompositions have gained considerable attention after the initial work of Freeman and Durden. This decomposition, which assumes the target to be reflectionsymmetric, was later relaxed in the Yamaguchi et al. decomposition with the addition of the helix parameter. Since then, many decomposition have been proposed where either the scattering model was modified to fit the data or the coherency matrix representing the second-order statistics of the full polarimetric data is rotated to fit the scattering model. In this paper, we propose to modify the Yamaguchi four-component decomposition (Y4O) scattering powers using the concept of statistical information theory for matrices. In order to achieve this modification, we propose a method to estimate the polarization orientation angle (OA) from full-polarimetric SAR images using the Hellinger distance. In this method, the OA is estimated by maximizing the Hellinger distance between the unrotated and the rotated T ₃₃ and the T ₂₂ components of the coherency matrix [T]. Then, the powers of the Yamaguchi four-component model-based decomposition (Y4O) are modified using the maximum relative stochastic distance between the T ₃₃ and the T ₂₂ components of the coherency matrix at the estimated OA. The results show that the overall double-bounce powers over rotated urban areas have significantly improved with the reduction of volume powers. The percentage of pixels with negative powers have also decreased from the Y4O decomposition. The proposed method is both qualitatively and quantitatively compared with the results obtained from the Y4O and the Y4R decompositions for a Radarsat-2 C-band San-Francisco dataset and an UAVSAR L-band Hayward dataset.

This study investigates the spatial signatures of seasonal snow in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) observations at different spatial scales and for different physiographic regions. Sentinel-1 C-band (SAR) backscattering coefficients (BSC) were analyzed in the Swiss Alps (SA), in high elevation forest and grasslands in Grand Mesa (GM), Colorado, and in North Dakota (ND) croplands. GM BSC exhibit 10 dB sensitivity to wetness at small scales (~100 m) over homogeneous grassland. Sensitivity decreases to 5 dB in the presence of trees, and it is demonstrated that VH BSC sensitivity enables wet snow mapping below the tree-line. Area-variance scaling relationships show minima at ~100 m and 150–250 m, respectively, in barren and grasslands in SA and GM, increasing up to 1 km and longer in GM forests and ND agricultural fields. The spatial organization of BSC (as described by 1D-directional BSC wavelength spectra) exhibits multi-scaling behavior in the 100–1000 m range with a break at (180–360 m) that is also present in UAVSAR L-band measurements in GM. Spectral slopes in GM forested areas steepen during accumulation and flatten in the melting season with mirror behavior for grasslands reflecting changes in scattering mechanisms with snow depth and wetness, and vegetation mass and structure. Overall, this study reveals persistent patterns of SAR scattering variability spatially organized by land-cover, topography and regional winds with large inter-annual variability tied to precipitation. This dynamic scaling behavior emerges as an integral physical expression of snowpack variability that can be used to model sub-km scales and for downscaling applications.

Remote sensing is an indispensable tool for Earth observation over large areal extent. Snow cover extent monitoring has been one such application where microwave sensors have been a popular choice due to their sensitivity toward the dielectric property. Snow is a dynamic matter since its dielectric state is dependent on climatic factors prevailing locally around it. In the literature, the polarization fraction (PF) has been used for landcover characterization. In this paper, we utilize the seasonal variation of the PF for mapping snow cover over the Himalayan terrain. Temporal variation of the strength in the polarized return due to change in landcover and season is the prime motivation behind this approach. In addition, the effect of SAR data acquisition time on mapping algorithms is considered in this work which is seldom discussed in the literature. Furthermore, a study is conducted to analyze the seasonal variation in the entropy ($H$) and the scattering type ($\alpha$) parameters over the bare snow-covered ground and the forested areas. The seasonal response of the terrain in the $H/\alpha$ plane corresponding to specific scattering characteristics is analyzed. The applicability of the approach is tested with RADARSAT-2 (FQ28) C-band full polarimetric image pairs over the Manali–Dhundi region, Himachal Pradesh, India, located in the western Hindu-Kush Himalayas. The snow cover map is explicitly validated with in situ observatory measurements and optical satellite imagery.

Recently, with the extensive availability of fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, methods that are simple and efficient, and involve lesser computation and data processing, are needed to be explored for snow cover mapping. This paper analyzes different polarimetric parameters such as entropy, anisotropy, and the mean scattering angle for the identification of snow cover area. We present a novel index for mapping snow cover based on the assessment of entropy (H) and anisotropy (A) using fully polarimetric SAR data and refer to it as the radar snow fraction (RSF). The RSF is proposed as an extension of the H(1‐A) metric by applying a sigmoidal function to this metric. The experiments to evaluate the applicability of the proposed RSF are carried out using fully polarimetric SAR data of L‐band ALOS‐2/PALSAR‐2 and C‐band RADARSAT‐2 data sets corresponding to different geographical locations in the Indian Himalayas. The developed snow cover maps from the proposed method were validated with respect to reference snow cover maps derived by thresholding the Normalized Differenced Snow Index developed from multispectral data (e.g., Landsat‐8 imagery). These maps were also statistically compared with those obtained from the conventional radar snow index, which is based on the polarization fraction. We determined a mean overall accuracy of 0.8 between the developed snow cover maps and the reference maps for the different data sets used for experiments. The results showed that, in general, the RSF outperformed the other polarimetric parameters for snow cover detection.

The studies on snow depth comprise a crucial area of research in the Indian Himalayas, where the seasonal snow cover primarily drives the rivers and significant water resources. In this paper, the initial estimates of the line of sight displacement obtained using differential interferometric phase in VV and VH polarizations using Sentinel-1 bi-temporal dual polarimetric SAR data corresponding to snow covered and snow free land cover, are improved by applying bias corrections for the snow phase and for residual errors in displacement derived from the corrected snow phase. The bias for the snow phase is computed from the observed phase in VV and VH polarizations for the snow free area and the bias for the residual errors is computed by observing the stationary pixels identified in the snow free area using a digital elevation model. The snow depth is computed as a weighted sum of the corrected displacements in the VV and VH polarization, with the weights derived using the local incidence angle. The snow depth results based on the proposed approach was evaluated with respect to field measurements and a coefficient of determination of 0.628 was observed with an improvement of ~0.4 as compared to the displacement observed in the VV and VH channel using the conventional method.

A novel methodology is proposed in this paper for the estimation of snow surface dielectric constant from polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data. The dominant scattering-type magnitude proposed by Touzi et al. is used to characterize scattering mechanism over the snowpack. Two methods have been used to obtain the optimized degree polarization of a partially polarized wave: 1) the Touzi optimum degree of polarization given by Touzi et al. in 1992. The maximum (_pmax) and the minimum (p_min) degree of polarizations are obtained along with the optimum transmitted polarizations (χ_t^opt, ψ_t^opt). 2) The adaptive generalized unitary transformation-based optimum degree of polarization m_E^opt proposed by Bhattacharya et al. in 2015. This optimum degree of polarization is obtained either by a real or a complex unitary transformation of the 3 × 3 coherency matrix. These two degrees of polarizations are used and compared in this study as a criterion to select the maximum number of pixels with surface dominant scattering. These pixels were then used to invert the snow surface dielectric constant. It has been observed that the m_E^opt have increased the number of pixels for inversion by ≈9-10% compared to the original data. On the other hand, it was observed that the Touzi maximum degree of polarization p_max has increased the number of pixels for inversion by ≈2% compared to that of m_E^opt. The proposed methodology is applied to Radarsat-2 PolSAR C-band datasets over the Indian Himalayan region. It is observed that the correlation coefficient between the measured and the estimated snow surface dielectric constant is 0.95 at 95% confidence interval with a root mean square error of 0.20.