Diabetes mellitus is the one of the most common endocrine diseases in Britain. Long-standing uncontrolled diabetes could lead to long-term complications, including cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy [ 1 x [1] Diabetes UK. Available at: [accessed November 2015]. Google Scholar See all References ] [1] .

Background: Although the glenoid labrum has an important role in shoulder stability, little is known about its composition, vascularity and innervation. The aims of this study were therefore to evaluate the histology, vascularity and innervation of the glenoid labrum. Materials and methods: Ten glenoid labrum specimens (three male, two female: mean age 81.2 years, range 76–90 years) were detached at the glenoid neck. Following decalcification, sections were cut through the whole thickness of each specimen perpendicular to the glenoid labrum at 12 radii corresponding to a clock face superimposed on the glenoid fossa. Then they were stained using haematoxylin and eosin, a silver nitrate protocol or subjected to immunohistochemistry using anti-protein gene protein 9.5 to demonstrate neuronal processes. Results: The labrum was fibrocartilaginous, being more fibrous in its free margin. There was a variable distribution of blood vessels, being more vascular in its periphery, with many originating from the fibrous capsule and piercing the glenoid labrum. Immunohistochemistry revealed positive staining of nerve fibres within the glenoid labrum. Conclusion: The glenoid labrum is fibrocartilaginous, being more fibrous in its periphery, and is vascularized, with the anterosuperior aspect having a rich blood supply. Free sensory nerve fibres were also present; no encapsulated mechanoreceptors were observed. The presence of sensory nerve fibres in the glenoid labrum could explain why tears induce pain. It is postulated that these sensory fibres could play a role in glenohumeral joint proprioception.

Background: Tears of the glenoid labrum are common after dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. The outcome for healing or surgical reconstruction of the glenoid labrum relies on the extent of its vascularization. This study aims to evaluate the glenoid labrum blood supply and to determine its regional vascularity. Materials and Methods: A total of 140 shoulders (30 male and 40 female cadavers) were examined: mean age 81.5 years, range 53–101 years. All blood vessels around the glenohumeral joint were dissected and recorded. Ten specimens with the glenoid labrum and fibrous capsule attached were randomly selected and detached at the glenoid neck and subjected to decalcification. Sections (10–20 μm) were cut through the whole thickness of each specimen from the centre of the glenoid fossa perpendicular to the glenoid labrum at 12 radii corresponding to a clock face superimposed on the glenoid. Sections were stained using haematoxylin and eosin and then examined. Results: The blood supply to the glenoid labrum is by direct branches from the second part of the axillary artery, subscapular, circumflex scapular and anterior circumflex humeral and posterior circumflex humeral arteries, as well as branches of muscular arteries supplying the surrounding muscles. Conclusion: This study shows that the glenoid labrum has a rich blood supply suggesting that, regardless of the types of the glenoid labrum lesions or their management, an excellent outcome for glenoid labrum healing and joint stability is possible. The observations also suggest that the blood supply to the glenoid labrum is sufficient, enabling its reattachment.

The COVID-19 Pandemic has conveyed an unprecedented worldwide challenge. Although there is much emphasis on caring for patients and communities, the high incidence of SARS-CoV-2 had seriously disturbed education and calls for prompt as well as serious consideration from educators in medical schools. The necessity to teach and prepare prospective medics, as well as clinicians, has certainly not been as intense as it is currently. The global effects of coronavirus disease 2019 may cause a permanent change in the education of future clinicians. The COVID-19 era presented logistical and practical obstacles and fears for the patients’ well-being, taking into consideration the fact that students may be potential channels for the spread of the virus when asymptomatic and may get infected while being in training and attending lectures. This paper discusses the present state of morphological science education, depicting the effect of COVID-19 on learning environments, as well as highlights the probable effects of COVID-19 on medical instruction in the future.