It has recently been shown that the titer of the SARS-CoV-2 virus decreases in a cell culture when the cell suspension is irradiated with electromagnetic waves at a frequency of 95 GHz. We assumed that a frequency range in the gigahertz and sub-terahertz ranges was one of the key aspects in the “tuning” of flickering dipoles in the dispersion interaction process of the surfaces of supramolecular structures. To verify this assumption, the intrinsic thermal radio emission in the gigahertz range of the following nanoparticles was studied: virus-like particles (VLP) of SARS-CoV-2 and rotavirus A, monoclonal antibodies to various RBD epitopes of SARS-CoV-2, interferon-α, antibodies to interferon-γ, humic–fulvic acids, and silver proteinate. At 37 °C or when activated by light with λ = 412 nm, these particles all demonstrated an increased (by two orders of magnitude compared to the background) level of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range. The thermal radio emission flux density specifically depended on the type of nanoparticles, their concentration, and the method of their activation. The thermal radio emission flux density was capable of reaching 20 μW/(m² sr). The thermal radio emission significantly exceeded the background only for nanoparticles with a complex surface shape (nonconvex polyhedra), while the thermal radio emission from spherical nanoparticles (latex spheres, serum albumin, and micelles) did not differ from the background. The spectral range of the emission apparently exceeded the frequencies of the Ka band (above 30 GHz). It was assumed that the complex shape of the nanoparticles contributed to the formation of temporary dipoles which, at a distance of up to 100 nm and due to the formation of an ultrahigh strength field, led to the formation of plasma-like surface regions that acted as emitters in the millimeter range. Such a mechanism makes it possible to explain many phenomena of the biological activity of nanoparticles, including the antibacterial properties of surfaces.

Previous studies have shown that complexly shaped nanoparticles (NPs) have their intrinsic radiothermal emission in the millimeter range. This article presents a method for controlling the quality of nanodrugs—immunobiological preparations (IBPs)—based on the detection of their intrinsic radiothermal emissions. The emissivity of interferon (IFN) medicals, determined without opening the primary package, is as follows (µW/m²): IFN-α2b—80 ± 9 (10⁵ IU per package), IFN-β1a—40 ± 5 (24 × 10⁶ IU per package), IFN-γ—30 ± 4 (10⁵ IU per package). The emissivity of virus-like particles (VLP), determined using vaccines Gam-VLP-multivac (120 μg) in an injection bottle (crimp cap vials), was as follows: 12 ± 1 µW/m², Gam-VLP—rota vaccines—9 ± 1 µW/m². This study shows the reproducibility of emissivity over the course of a year, subject to the storage conditions of the immunobiological products. It has been shown that accelerated aging and a longer shelf life are accompanied by the coagulation of active NPs, and lead to a manyfold drop in emissivity. The dependence of radiothermal emission on temperature has a complex, non-monotonic nature. The emission intensity depends on the form of dosage, but remains within the order of magnitude for IFN-α2b for intranasal aqueous solution, ointments, and suppositories. The possibility of the remote quantitative control of the first phases of the immune response (increased synthesis of IFNs) to the intranasal administration of VLP vaccines has been demonstrated in experimental animals.

A significant part of patients with diabetes purchase sugar-lowering drugs (SLDs) on their own in retail pharmacy chains, and the market trends they generate represent an urgent area for this study.The aim. To study the turnover of hypoglycemic drugs, including insulins, in the commercial sector of the pharmaceutical market of the Russian Federation (RF) for 2020–2024.Materials and methods. The data presented in this article is based on a periodic retail audit conducted by the biotech company IQVIA. The period of 5 years (2020–2024) was covered. Data collection covered 33,613 commercial pharmacies in all regions of the RF (about 43% of pharmacies).Results. In the period from 2020 to 2023, a relatively stable increase in the volume of SLDs purchases was revealed, with small fluctuations, while in 2024 a significant leap in consumption was recorded, both in quantitative (packages) and in value (rubles) terms. During the entire monitoring period, the total volume of SLDs and insulin purchases in the retail market segment increased by more than 1.2 times, from 41.98 million packages in 2020 to 51.70 million in 2024. At the same time, the total procurement budget (at wholesale prices) increased by more than 2 times — from 19.40 to 41.57 billion rubles. The average price per package has also increased significantly, from 462 rubles in 2020 to 923 rubles in 2024, an increase of 1.7 times, reflecting significant inflation in the commercial pharmaceutical sector. In general, the Russian pharmaceutical market offers all variants of modern innovative hypoglycemic drugs (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors [iDPP4], sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors [iSGLT2], glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists [arGPP-1]), which, according to general trends, demonstrate a steady increase in turnover. Older and less effective sulfonylureas and their combinations with metformin still occupy a significant market share. arGPP-1 group showed the greatest growth in quantity (11 times) and value (5 times), mainly due to the entry of Russian semaglutide analogues into the market. Government measures and investments in import substitution have led to a significant increase in the share of Russian drugs in purchases. Despite the positive dynamics of Russian production, import substitution in the SLDs segment has not achieved complete success and accounts for less than half of the turnover of hypoglycemic drugs.Conclusion. The growth of SLDs consumption in the retail segment of the RF in 2020–2024 has been revealed, especially due to the innovative drugs arGPP-1 and iNGLT2. Despite maintaining the leading position of metformin, the consumption structure is shifting towards more expensive schemes. The increase in the total procurement budget and the average package price highlights the need to expand preferential security programs. Import substitution has increased significantly over the indicated period, however, the share of domestic drugs is still less than half of the turnover.

Objective: To develop a method for identifying tinctures by assessing their biological activity at different temperatures based on Arrhenius kinetics. Methods: The tinctures of anti-inflammatory and cardiotonic actions were chosen for the Spitotox-test. Chromatographic ethanol (HPLC grade, 99.8%, Fisher Scientific, UK) and deionized high-resistance water (18.2 MΩ cm, Milli-Q, Millipore) were used to prepare 70% water-alcohol extractant. The dispersity of the infusions and solvents was evaluated by LALLS (Malvern, UK) (micrometer range) and DLS (nanometer range) (Zetasizer Nano ZS, Malvern, UK) methods. Results: The observed (obs) values of activation energy ( °bsEa) of ligand-receptor interactions of infusoria Spirostomum ambiguum and components of tinctures with regard to the extractant: water volume ratio was ranked in descending order of toxicity: motherwort (1:10; 87±13 kJ/mol)>calendula (1:7; 103±18 kJ/mol)>eucalyptus (1:7; 159±5 kJ/mol)>valerian (1:5; 135±6 kJ/mol)>hawthorn (1:4; 113±20 kJ/mol). The found values of activation energy were included in the previously created library for the construction of the correlation diagram « °bsEa-LD50», which allowed to assess the toxicity of tinctures in comparison with other pharmaceutical substances. Conclusion: The method for assessing the biological activity of tinctures was developed by Arrhenius kinetics. The values of activation energy °bsEa of ligand-receptor interactions can be used for the identification of tinctures.

Objective: The objective of this study is to develop methods for identifying herbal medicines and tinctures by processing spectral results across a wide range of wavelengths using principal component analysis (PCA). Methods: Medicinal plants and tinctures of valerian, motherwort, and hawthorn have been analyzed using UV spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, ATR FTIR spectrometry, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. PCA was used to process the results of spectral analysis. Statistical processing of spectral results was carried out using the OriginPro program (OriginLab Corporation, USA, 2021). Results: For herbal medicines with sedative, hypotensive, and cardiotonic effects, spectral data libraries have been created in the following dimensions: UV spectrophotometry with 1800 absorption units (Ai), spectrofluorimetry with 4010 fluorescence intensity units (Ii), IR spectroscopy with a light transmittance of 50250 units (Ti), and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with an intensity of 1568 (Ii). These libraries were used as the primary matrices for PCA. Visualization of the PCA results was done using a scores plot and a loadings plot, which illustrate the contribution of each principal component (PC) to the PCA model. After performing chemometric processing on the original spectral results, it was discovered that samples belonging to the same botanical genus occupy distinct and compact regions in two-dimensional or three-dimensional space. Unknown plant samples (blind samples) and samples of other botanical species were successfully tested using new method. Conclusion: For the first time, tinctures and medicinal plants were identified based on their botanical genus using spectral techniques coupled with principal component analysis, eliminating the need for a chemical reference substance.

Objective: To substantiate the possibility of using polarimetry to control the quality of tinctures as an additional pharmacopoeial method. Methods: The polarimetric method (POL-1/2, Atago, Japan, the measurement accuracy of±0.002 °) was used to measure the optical activity (α °) of motherwort, valerian and hawthorn tinctures. The dynamic light scattering method (DLS; Zetasizer Nano ZS, Malvern, UK) was used to assess the stability of alcoholic and aqueous dilutions of tinctures according to the intensity of dynamic light scattering dependent on the size (d, nm) of the dispersed phase particles and the values of the electrokinetic potential (ξ, mV). Results: For the first time in this investigation, the polarimetry approach was proposed to evaluate the cardiotonic and hypotensive tinctures' quality and for their identification. Valerian tincture, dilution 1:40,-0.10°<α°<-0.89°; motherwort, tincture-dilution 1:10,-0.10°<α°<-2.21°; hawthorn, tincture without dilution,-0.76°<α°<-1.55°-these are the acceptable ranges of optical activity (α°) of their alcohol dilutions. Beyond these intervals, the use of the polarimetric approach is impossible. Values of optical activity below 0.1 correspond to too low a content of optically active components. Tinctures with optical activity above the upper value of the interval were unstable dispersed systems with low values of the electrokinetic potential (|ξ|≪25mV) and micron particle sizes. Reference tinctures were made from raw materials (Leonurus cardiaca L.) to verify the results. The quality parameters: optical activity (α°), spectra of dynamic light scattering by intensity, volume, and number ("I-d"; "V-d"; "N-d"), electrokinetic potential (ξ) values, and photon pulse count per second (Count Rate, kcps) corresponded to the results obtained for pharmaceutical dosage forms. Conclusion: The permissible intervals of optical activity (α°) of their ethanol dilutions, as well as their relationships with the particle size of the dispersed phase and the values of the electrokinetic potential, were established for the first time to evaluate the quality of tinctures. The obtained results show that polarimetry can be recommended as an additional pharmacopoeial quality control method for tinctures.