Xenogenic organ transplantation has been considered the most promising strategy in providing possible substitutes with the physiological function of the failing organs as well as solving the problem of insufficient donor sources. However, the xenograft, suffered from immune rejection and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), causes massive reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression and the subsequent cell apoptosis, leading to the xenograft failure. Our previous study found a positive role of PPAR-γ in anti-inflammation through its immunomodulation effects, which inspires us to apply PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone (RSG) to address survival issue of xenograft with the potential to eliminate the excessive ROS. In this study, xenogenic bioroot was constructed by wrapping the dental follicle cells (DFC) with porcine extracellular matrix (pECM). The hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced DFC was pretreated with RSG to observe its protection on the damaged biological function. Immunoflourescence staining and transmission electron microscope were used to detect the intracellular ROS level. SD rat orthotopic transplantation model and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) knockout mice subcutaneous transplantation model were applied to explore the regenerative outcome of the xenograft. It showed that RSG pretreatment significantly reduced the adverse effects of H₂O₂on DFC with decreased intracellular ROS expression and alleviated mitochondrial damage. In vivo results confirmed RSG administration substantially enhanced the host’s antioxidant capacity with reduced osteoclasts formation and increased periodontal ligament-like tissue regeneration efficiency, maximumly maintaining the xenograft function. We considered that RSG preconditioning could preserve the biological properties of the transplanted stem cells under oxidative stress (OS) microenvironment and promote organ regeneration by attenuating the inflammatory reaction and OS injury.

Rapid growth of electric vehicles has increased demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), raising concerns regarding their end-of-life management. This study comprehensively evaluates the closed-loop recycling of cathode materials from spent LIBs by integrating life cycle assessment (LCA), technoeconomic analysis, and technological comparison. Typical approaches—including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and other processes such as organic acid leaching and in situ reduction roasting—are systematically reviewed. While pyrometallurgy offers scalability, it is hindered by high energy consumption and excessive greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrometallurgy achieves higher metal recovery rates with better environmental performance but requires complex chemical and wastewater management. Emerging methods and regeneration techniques such as co-precipitation and sol–gel synthesis demonstrate potential for high-purity material recovery and circular manufacturing. LCA results confirm that recycling significantly reduces GHG emissions, especially for high-nickel cathode chemistry. However, the environmental benefits are affected by upstream factors such as collection, disassembly, and logistics. Technoeconomic simulations show that profitability is strongly influenced by battery composition, regional cost structures, and collection rates. The study highlights the necessity of harmonized LCA boundaries, process optimization, and supportive policy frameworks to scale environmentally and economically sustainable LIB recycling, ensuring long-term supply security for critical battery materials.