Diabetes mellitus (DM) and cancer are multifactorial diseases with significant health consequences, and their relationship with aging makes them particularly challenging. Epidemiological data suggests that individuals with DM are more susceptible to certain cancers. This study examined the bioactive properties of Hypericum scabrum extracts, including methanol, hexane, and others, focusing on their inhibitory effects on key enzymes associated with DM and neurodegenerative diseases, such as acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. Additionally, the impact of these extracts on human fibroblast (HDFa) and glioblastoma (U87MG) cancer cells was evaluated. The methanol extract was analyzed for elemental composition using ICP-MS, secondary metabolites, and amino acids via LC–MS/MS and underwent morphological and anatomical characterization. The methanol extract demonstrated notable inhibitory activity, with an IC₅₀ value of < 1 µg/mL against α-glucosidase, surpassing acarbose in efficacy. The flower essential oil exhibited the highest inhibition (79.95%) of butyrylcholinesterase and the strongest acetylcholinesterase inhibition (21.62%). Elemental analysis revealed high concentrations of Na and K, while quinic acid and proline were identified as major metabolites, with proline concentrations reaching 494.0482 nmol/mL in the aerial part extract. The anticancer assays revealed higher cytotoxicity in U87MG glioblastoma cells compared to HDFa fibroblasts, suggesting potential applications for cancer therapy. The plant grows 20–50 cm tall, with yellow flowers and ovoid-ribbed capsules containing brown, reniform seeds. Its leaves are amphistomatic and ornamented, while stems feature striate cuticles and paracytic stomata. The pollen grains are microreticulate with syncolporate apertures. These results underscore the promising therapeutic potential of H. scabrum in managing DM, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, with its ability to inhibit key enzymes and show selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Graphical abstract

The paper aims to compare the chemical compositions of essential oils and anatomical properties of secretory structures differences between R. damascena which is cultivated in Iğdır and Isparta (EOI1, EOI2, and EOIg). GC/ MS and GC-FID were utilized for essential oils analysis. Nonadecane (31.0%), heneicosane (21.1%), citronellol (16.8%), and 1-nonadecene (6.2%) were primal constituents of EOI1. Nonadecane (29.3%), heneicosane (17.6%), citronellol (18.6%), 1- and nonadecene (5.4%) were primal constituents of EOI2. Heneicosane (15.2%), nonadecane (14.1%), γ-muurolene (13.0%), citronellol (7.8%), and tricosane (8.5%) were primal constituents of EOIg. Both Isparta and Iğdır sepal cross-section anatomies glandular and non-glandular trichomes were observed.

Objective: The chemical composition and bioactive properties of essential oils, fatty oils and aqueous extracts of Prunus cerasifera, Malus sylvestris and Cornus mas were investigated. Material and Method: Antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of P. cerasifera, M. sylvestris and C. mas were reported. The quantitative determination of some secondary metabolites was also analysed by LC-MS/MS. The chemical composition of the essential oils was also investigated by GC-MS. Result and Discussion: Fatty oils’ major compounds were oleic acid (77.1%) in P. cerasifera, palmitic acid (32.5%) in M. sylvestris fruits, and linoleic acid (43.2%) in C. mas seeds. Benzaldehyde (70.1%), nonacosane (30.4%), (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal (43.3%) were found as major compounds of P. cerasifera, M. sylvestris fruits, and C. mas seed essential oils, respectively. Quinic acid was predominant compound in all extracts, ranging from 11262.2996 to 18179.6260 ng/ml. C. mas fatty oil was showed antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis with MIC =625-1250 µg/ml. P. cerasifera, C. mas, and M. sylvestris hold potential as α-glucosidase inhibitors, with varying degrees of potency. IC50 values further underscore effectiveness of aqueous extracts, especially in cases of C. mas and M. sylvestris with <10 and 399 µg/ml.