Background: This study evaluates changes in the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area and vessel density in patients with full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) before and after vitrectomy using optical coherence tomography–angiography (OCT-A). Methods: A prospective analysis was conducted on 39 patients diagnosed with FTMH who underwent pars plana vitrectomy. OCT-A imaging was performed preoperatively and at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. Parameters analyzed included FAZ area, superficial (SCP) and deep retinal vessel density (DCP), and central retinal thickness (CRT). Results: Preoperative OCT-A images showed a significant difference in the mean FAZ area between affected and healthy eyes (p < 0.01). However, a significant reduction in superficial capillary plexus (SCP) vessel density was noted after vitrectomy. Visual acuity improved significantly after surgery (p < 0.001), but no significant changes in FAZ or total vessel density were observed postoperatively. Postoperative distance visual acuity (DBCVA) correlated with preoperative macular hole size (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Vitrectomy for FTMH does not significantly alter the FAZ area or DCP vessel density, but does reduce SCP vessel density. OCT-A is a valuable tool for assessing retinal microvascular changes post-vitrectomy.

Full-thickness idiopathic macular hole (MH) is a common cause of visual loss, affecting 3 per 1000 people. It usually affects females in their sixth to eighth decades of life. Best Visual Acuity decreases to less than 0.5. A typical MH’s symptom is the pincushion metamorphopsia, where the shape of an observed object is enrolled inwards and lines are bowed towards the center, in the direction of the fixation point. Over the years many theories of MH formation have been revealed. A recently approved theory states that vitreomacular adhesion with focal contraction of the perifoveal cheloid and pathologic traction can lead to a loss of full-thickness central retina causing a MH. The most valuable diagnostic procedure for MH is optical coherence tomography. Among other useful examinations are fluorescein angiography and angio-OCT. Classification of the stages of development of MH is done with an anatomical Gass classification and the recent The International Vitreomacular Traction Study Group Classification of Vitreomacular Adhesion, Traction, and MH. Natural history of the MH differs in the early and advanced stages. Pharmacological vitreolysis with ocriplasmin is used in the treatment of the disease. The most effective therapy is the posterior pars plana vitrectomy. Dye and peeling of the internal limiting membrane helps to achieve the closure of the MH and the good visual acuity.

Introduction: Ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) is a rare condition associated with ocular hypoperfusion caused by carotid artery occlusive disease. This article describes the case of a patient who was admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology at UCK in Katowice, Poland, due to significant loss of visual acuity and pain in the right eye. Materials and Methods: Retrosopective case report. Results: Patient showed up in the ophthalmological emergency department complaining of significant loss of visual acuity and pain in the right eye persisting for 2 weeks. The patient had a history of type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, status post ACS and PCI, and long-term nicotinism. Examination of the right eye revealed ocular irritation, mixed conjunctival injection, hyphema in the anterior chamber, iris neovascularization, and discrete central retinal fading. Additional examinations were performed, including an angioCT, which showed a long-standing obstruction of the right internal carotid artery, a ballooning thrombus in the lumen of the brachiocephalic trunk, and suspected critical stenosis of the left vertebral artery. A neurologist and vascular surgeon were consulted, and treatment was instituted to limit further complications from the underlying disease. The patient remains under close supervision of the vascular surgeon and neurologist. Conslusions: OIS is a rare but potentially blinding condition and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of transient visual acuity reduction or vision loss.

Material and methods: A 68-year-old female patient was referred to clinic with a suprachoroidal hemorrhage of the left eye arising during phacoemulsification with rupture of the lens capsule and displacement of cortical masses into the vitreous chamber. She reported severe complaints of pain in the left eye. Her visual acuity was at a level of light perception with no localization and intraocular pressure (IOP) at 60 mmHg. B-projection ultrasonography showed significant elevation of the choroid with dense echoes of extravasated blood in the suprachoroidal space. After analysis of the local and clinical condition, a vitrectomy procedure was performed from the pars plana approach (PPV). Due to persistently high IOP, the patient was qualified for a PPV again, 23 days after the suprachoroidal hemorrhage has occurred. Results: The follow-up, 10 days after the second PPV procedure, has shown an improvement of the local condition and normalization of intraocular pressure to a 17 mmHg. The patient reported no complaints of pain.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of visual impairment among adults with diabetes and represents a growing burden for healthcare systems worldwide. Although traditionally regarded as a microvascular complication, increasing evidence indicates that functional impairment of retinal neurons and the neurovascular unit occurs at early preclinical stages of the disease. Objective assessment of these changes may improve early detection and risk stratification. Electroretinography (ERG) provides a direct measure of retinal function, but its routine use has historically been limited by technical complexity. The introduction of portable, non-mydriatic devices has renewed interest in functional retinal testing in both clinical and screening settings. The RETeval™ handheld system enables rapid acquisition of flicker ERG responses combined with automated pupillometry, generating an integrated risk score for DR. The present narrative review summarizes and critically appraises current evidence on the use of the RETeval™ device for the detection, staging, and risk assessment of DR. Particular attention is given to its performance in early disease, prognostic value, practical limitations, and potential role as a complementary tool in diabetes-related eye care.

Aim of the study Aim of the study: To analyse development and progression of cataracts after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with intraocular SF6 gas tamponade. Material and methods For this study, the authors analysed the data of 19 patients who underwent PPV with intraocular SF6 gas tamponade...