The essential oils (EOs) of Rosmarinus officinalis (Ro) are from two cities located in the eastern region of Morocco (Taourirt and Jerrada) were extracted using the steam distillation method in two cooperatives, namely "Belahssan" and "Beni Yaala Zkara", respectively. The chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), in which 1,8-cineole (53.6%), α-pinene (12.3%), and camphor (9.6%) represented the major compounds for essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis from Taourirt (RoEOT). While, 1,8-cineole (42.3%), α-pinene (11.6%), and camphor (10.5%) were predominant in that of Jerada Rosmarinus officinalis (RoEOJ). The antioxidant activity of the two essential oils was assessed using, the free radical scavenging activity against the DPPH•, the ferric reducing power assay (FRAP), and the β-carotene bleaching technique. Graphical Abstract

The extraction of three essential oils from medicinal and aromatic plants was carried out using steam distillation. Phytochemical analysis was performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds: camphor, identified as the chemotype of the essential oil of Artemisia herba-alba (AhaEO); pulegone, the predominant compound in the essential oil of Mentha pulegium (MpEO); and β-himachalene, the chemotype of the essential oil of Cedrus atlantica (CaEO). The antifungal activity of these essential oils (EOs) was evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum albedinis (Foa) using the direct contact method on PDA medium and in soil. The essential oils exhibited significant antifungal effects. Furthermore, genotoxic effects were assessed, and the results showed that the application of essential oils at concentrations of 2 and 4 µg/mL did not induce DNA damage. Computational simulations and molecular interaction analyses were also performed to validate the experimental findings.