Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, progressive, incurable interstitial lung disease with high mortality after diagnosis and remains a global public health problem. Despite advances and breakthroughs in understanding the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, there are still no effective methods for the prevention and treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. The existing treatment options are imperfect, expensive, and have considerable limitations in effectiveness and safety. Hence, there is an urgent need to find novel therapeutic targets. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a central regulator of cellular antioxidative responses, inflammation, and restoration of redox balance. Accumulating reports reveal that Nrf2 activators exhibit potent antifibrosis effects and significantly attenuate pulmonary fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. This review summarizes the current Nrf2-related knowledge about the regulatory mechanism and potential therapies in the process of pulmonary fibrosis. Nrf2 orchestrates the activation of multiple protective genes that target inflammation, oxidative stress, fibroblast–myofibroblast differentiation (FMD), and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the mechanisms involve Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant, Nrf2/HO−1/NQO1, Nrf2/NOX4, and Nrf2/GSH signaling pathway. We hope to indicate potential for Nrf2 system as a therapeutic target for pulmonary fibrosis.

With the vigorous development of the Internet of Things and flexible electronic technology, perovskite materials have become the core driving force for the innovation of self-powered sensors due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, tunable band structure, and solution processing characteristics. This article systematically reviews the structure, working mechanism, and applications of perovskite solar cells in the fields of tactile, gas, and optoelectronic sensors, focusing on their breakthrough performance in gas detection, pressure sensing, and optical signal capture in environmental monitoring, human health, medical diagnosis, and so on. However, current research is facing multiple challenges. Inherent defects such as wet oxygen erosion, photo induced decay, and Pb²⁺ toxicity exist at the material level. At the device level, the contradiction between performance and stability is highlighted, as well as the dynamic balance between power consumption and mechanical flexibility in wearable integration. In response to the above issues, this article delves into solutions for balancing performance stability and power flexibility. Perovskite self-powered sensors are expected to break through commercialization barriers through cross-scale material design and interdisciplinary technology integration, and achieve large-scale applications in wearable health monitoring, intelligent environmental warning, medical implant devices, and other fields, promoting the next generation of intelligent terminal technology transformation.