We report an experimental investigation that reveals significant differences in the near-flowfield properties of hydrogen and ethylene jets injected into a supersonic crossflow at a similar jet-to-freestream momentum flux ratio. Previously, the momentum flux ratio was found to be the main controlling parameter of the jet’s penetration. Current experiments, however, demonstrate that the transverse penetration of the ethylene jet was altered, penetrating deeper into the freestream than the hydrogen jet even for similar jet-to-freestream momentum flux ratios. Increased penetration depths of ethylene jets were attributed to the significant differences in the development of large-scale coherent structures present in the jet shear layer. In the hydrogen case, the periodically formed eddies persist long distances downstream, while for ethylene injection, these eddies lose their coherence as the jet bends downstream. The large velocity difference between the ethylene jet and the freestream induces enhanced mixing at the jet shear layer as a result of the velocity induced stretching-tilting-tearing mechanism. These new observations became possible by the realization of high velocity and high temperature freestream conditions which could not be achieved in conventional facilities as have been widely used in previous studies. The freestream flow replicates a realistic supersonic combustor environment associated with a hypersonic airbreathing engine flying at Mach 10. The temporal evolution, the penetration, and the convection characteristics of both jets were observed using a fast-framing-rate (up to 100 MHz) camera acquiring eight consecutive schlieren images, while OH planar laser-induced fluorescence was performed to verify the molecular mixing.

We present an axisymmetric computational model to study the heating processes of gold nanoparticles, specifically nanorods, in aqueous medium by femtosecond laser pulses. We use a two-temperature model for the particle, a heat diffusion equation for the surrounding water to describe the heat transfer processes occurring in the system, and a thermal interface conductance to describe the coupling efficiency at the particle/water interface. We investigate the characteristic time scales of various fundamental processes, including lattice heating and thermal equilibration at the particle/surroundings interface, the effects of multiple laser pulses, and the influence of nanorod orientation relative to the beam polarization on energy absorption. Our results indicate that the thermal equilibration at the particle/water interface takes approximately 500 ps, while the electron-lattice coupling is achieved at approximately 50 ps when a 48×14 nm gold nanorod is heated to a maximum temperature of 1270 K with the application of a laser pulse having 4.70 J/m2 average fluence. Irradiation by multiple pulses arriving at 12.5 ns time intervals (80 MHz repetition rate) causes a temperature increase of no more than 3 degrees during the first few pulses with no substantial changes during the subsequent pulses. We also analyze the degree of the nanorods’ heating as a function of their orientation with respect to the polarization of the incident light. Lastly, it is shown that the temperature change of a nanorod can be modeled using its volume equivalent sphere for femtosecond laser heating within 5–15% accuracy.

Next generation drug screening could benefit greatly from in vivo studies, using small animal models such as Caenorhabditis elegans for hit identification and lead optimization. Current in vivo assays can operate either at low throughput with high resolution or with low resolution at high throughput. To enable both high-throughput and high-resolution imaging of C. elegans, we developed an automated microfluidic platform. This platform can image 15 z-stacks of ∼4,000 C. elegans from 96 different populations using a large-scale chip with a micron resolution in 16 min. Using this platform, we screened ∼100,000 animals of the poly-glutamine aggregation model on 25 chips. We tested the efficacy of ∼1,000 FDA-approved drugs in improving the aggregation phenotype of the model and identified four confirmed hits. This robust platform now enables high-content screening of various C. elegans disease models at the speed and cost of in vitro cell-based assays.

Combined two-photon fluorescence microscopy and femtosecond laser microsurgery has many potential biomedical applications as a powerful “seek-and-treat” tool. Towards developing such a tool, we demonstrate a miniaturized probe which combines these techniques in a compact housing. The device is 10×15×40 mm³ in size and uses an air-core photonic crystal fiber to deliver femtosecond laser pulses at 80 MHz repetition rate for imaging and 1 kHz for microsurgery. A fast two-axis microelectromechanical system scanning mirror is driven at resonance to produce Lissajous beam scanning at 10 frames per second. Field of view is 310 µm in diameter and the lateral and axial resolutions are 1.64 µm and 16.4 µm, respectively. Combined imaging and microsurgery is demonstrated using live cancer cells.