This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hyperuricemia (HUA) and associated risk factors in Chinese adults aged 18 to 59 years. All the data were collected from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance during the period 2015–2017, which adopted a stratified, multistage, random sampling method on a national scale. A total of 52,627 participants aged 18 years or older were included in this study. The definition of hyperuricemia was 420 μmol/L for male and 360 μmol/L for female. The Rao–Scott chi-square test was used to compare the differences in prevalence between or among the subgroups. A weighted two-level multivariate survey-logistic regression was used to detect the correlations between HUA and demographic, physical, lifestyle and metabolic factors. The total prevalence of HUA was 15.1%, and that was higher in male, current smokers, higher BMI and less physical activities subgroups, and also in noninfectious chronic diseases (NCDs) subgroups. The subgroups of non-vegetarian diet, insufficient vegetable intakes and excessive red meat and alcohol intakes had significantly higher HUA prevalence. After introducing all the variables in the survey-logistic regression, gender, age, BMI, physically active, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, bean and nut intake, vegetable intake, red meat intake, alcohol consumption and vegetarian were associated with HUA. Among the significant variables, age and physical active served as a protective factor, and BMI showed to be a risk factor for HUA. Hypertension and dyslipidemia could increase the risk for HUA, while diabetes mellitus was shown a negative association with it. For dietary factors, vegetarian diet, sufficient beans and nuts and vegetables intake could lower the risk of HUA, but more alcohol could increase the risk of HUA. Dietary factor played a key role in HUA. It suggested that the intervention of dietary factor should receive more attention to ameliorate the high prevalence of HUA in China.

Regional dietetic cultures were indicated in China, but how dietary patterns geographically varied across China is unknown. Few studies systematically investigated the association of dietary patterns with overweight/obesity and hypertension and the potential mechanism with a national sample. This study included 34,040 adults aged 45 years and older from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015–2017), who had complete outcome data, reliable intakes of calorie and cooking oils, unchanged diet habits, and without diagnosed cancer or cardiovascular disease. Outcomes were overweight/obesity and hypertension. By using the Gaussian finite mixture models, four dietary patterns were identified—common rice-based dietary pattern (CRB), prudent diversified dietary pattern (PD), northern wheat-based dietary pattern (NWB), and southern rice-based dietary pattern (SRB). Geographic variations in dietary patterns were depicted by age–sex standardized proportions of each pattern across 31 provinces in China. We assessed the association of these dietary patterns with outcomes and calculated the proportion mediated (PM) by overweight/obesity in the association of the dietary patterns with hypertension. Evident geographic disparities in dietary patterns across 31 provinces were observed. With CRB as reference group and covariates adjusted, the NWB had higher odds of being overweight/obese (odds ratio (OR) = 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36–1.52, p < 0.001) and hypertension (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.01–1.14, p < 0.001, PM = 43.2%), while the SRB and the PD had lower odds of being overweight/obese (ORs = 0.84 and 0.92, 95%CIs: 0.79–0.89 and 0.85–0.99, p < 0.001 for both) and hypertension (ORs = 0.93 and 0.87, 95%CIs: 0.87–0.98 and 0.80–0.94, p = 0.038 for SRB and p < 0.001 for PD, PMs = 27.8% and 9.9%). The highest risk of overweight/obesity in the NWB presented in relatively higher carbohydrate intake (about 60% of energy) and relatively low fat intake (about 20% of energy). The different trends in the association of protein intake with overweight/obesity among dietary patterns were related to differences in animal food sources. In conclusion, the geographic distribution disparities of dietary patterns illustrate the existence of external environment factors and underscore the need for geographic-targeted dietary actions. Optimization of the overall dietary pattern is the key to the management of overweight/obesity and hypertension in China, with the emphasis on reducing low-quality carbohydrate intake, particularly for people with the typical northern diet, and selection of animal foods, particularly for people with the typical southern diet.

Half of Chinese adults face the double burden of overweight/obesity and micronutrient deficiencies, and nearly 40% of them are severely overweight/obese or have micronutrient deficiencies. This study used the data from China Nutrition and Health Survey (CNHS) from 2015 to 2017 to estimate the prevalence of inadequate dietary micronutrient intake (including vitamin A, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, vitamin C, cCalcium, iron and sodium) in Chinese adults and further determine the differences in micronutrient intake by gender, age and BMI. A total of 61,768 subjects were included in this study, of which 33,262 (54%) were female. The intake of energy and all macronutrients decreased with age, and the intake was higher in men than in women. Inadequate energy intake occurs in adults of all ages. In terms of nutrient intake, women had a higher rate of insufficient carbohydrate intake than men in all age groups. Inadequate protein intake was more common in women aged 18–49 years (60.9%) than in men. Compared with women, men had a higher rate of vitamin B2 intake. Insufficient vitamin B3 intake was more common in women aged 18–49 years (35.6%), men aged 65–79 years (39.7%) and men aged 80 years and above (47.9%). In all age groups, insufficient vitamin C intake is higher in women than in men—up to 85.8 percent in women aged 80 years old and above. Compared with men in the same age group, insufficient intake of calcium and iron is more obvious in women. Women have significantly higher rates of inadequate intake of calcium, iron and sodium than men. In the analysis of correlations between BMI or demographic data and micronutrient intakes, the likelihood of micronutrient intakes being insufficient was higher in the central and western regions in all age groups compared to the eastern regions. The risk of insufficient micronutrient intake was higher in obese men and women aged 18–49 years and 50–64 years. Underweight and overweight women in the 65–79 age group were more likely to have inadequate micronutrient intake. Obese women over 80 years of age were less likely to have inadequate micronutrient intake. No significant difference was found between urban and rural areas for each age group.

Women between the ages of 18 and 49 are women of reproductive age, for whom physical health and nutritional status are closely related to successful pregnancy, good pregnancy outcomes and the nurturing of the next generation. Overweight and obesity have become important nutrition and health problems of women aged 18–49 years in China. In social life, non-pregnant and non-lactating Chinese women aged 18–49 are the most vulnerable and neglected group. At present, there are no research data on their dietary micronutrient intake, and the relationship between dietary micronutrient intake and overweight and obesity in China. However, non-pregnant and non-lactating women aged 18–49 are the best window of opportunity to implement strategies, correct nutrition and improve physical health. It remains to be explored whether their overweight and obesity are related to inadequate dietary micronutrient intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary micronutrient intake in non-pregnant and non-lactating Chinese women aged 18–49 years, and to analyze the relationship between dietary micronutrient intake and overweight and obesity. Data were obtained from 2015 China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance (CACDNS 2015). In CACDNS 2015, 12,872 women aged 18 to 49 years (excluding pregnant women and lactating mothers) were surveyed for a three-day 24 h dietary recall and a three-day household weighing of edible oil and condiments. The average daily dietary intake of micronutrients was calculated according to the Chinese food composition table. In 2015, the median intake of vitamin A, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, vitamin C and folate in non-pregnant and non-lactating women aged 18–49 years in China was 267.0 μg RE/day, 0.7 mg/day, 0.6 mg/day, 63.5 mg/day and 121.0 μg/day, respectively. The median mean intake of vitamin A, niacin, calcium and zinc in overweight/obese group was lower than that in non-overweight/obese group, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that vitamin A intake (Q3 vs. Q1: OR = 0.785, 95% CI: 0.702~0.878; Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 0.766, 95% CI: 0.679~0.865), niacin intake (Q2 vs. Q1: OR = 0.801, 95% CI: 0.715–0.898; Q3 vs. Q1: OR = 0.632, 95% CI: 0.554~0.721; Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 0.662, 95% CI: 0.568~0.772), Zinc intake (Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 0.786, 95% CI: 0.662~0.932) were a protective factor for overweight/obesity in women, while vitamin B₂ intake (Q2 vs. Q1: OR = 1.256, 95% CI: 1.120~1.408; Q3 vs. Q1: OR = 1.416, 95% CI: 1.240~1.617; Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 1.515, 95% CI: 1.293–1.776), vitamin E intake (Q2 vs. Q1: OR = 1.114, 95% CI: 1.006–0.235; Q3 vs. Q1: OR = 1.162, 95% CI: 1.048~0.288; Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 1.234, 95% CI: 1.112–1.371) was a risk factor for overweight/obesity in females. The intakes of most dietary micronutrients in non-pregnant and non-lactating women aged 18–49 in China were low. The intakes of dietary vitamin A, niacin and zinc were negatively correlated with the risk of overweight/obesity, while the intakes of vitamin B₂ and vitamin E were positively correlated with the risk of overweight/obesity.

Previous studies have used the traditional average-value method to calculate the usual dietary intake of a population, but the results may be biased due to the measurement errors. The aim of this study was to provide an assessment of the usual micronutrient intake and estimate the prevalence of inadequate intake among Chinese adults. Data from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015–2017 as well as a total of 72,231 subjects aged 18 years and older were included in the analysis. The 24 h recall method combined with the condiment weighing method were used for three consecutive days to collect daily food and condiments intake. The daily intake of 16 micronutrients was calculated based on the Chinese Food Component Tables. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) method was used to estimate the usual intake of micronutrients, and the prevalence of inadequate intake was estimated using the estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method. The results showed that, except for sodium, copper, iron (only for males), vitamin E, and phosphorus, the usual intake of micronutrients in Chinese adults was low, and the prevalence of inadequate intake ranged from 38.67 to 97.63%. The prevalence of inadequate calcium and riboflavin intake was more than 90%, and the proportion of individuals with a usual intake of thiamine, vitamin A, potassium, and selenium below EAR also reached 80%. Manganese, magnesium, vitamin C, and zinc were potentially deficient micronutrients, with the prevalence of inadequate intake ranging from 38.67% to 77.09%. However, usual sodium intake was extremely high with an average of 5139.61 mg/day, and only a quarter of Chinese adults were below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended value. For most micronutrients, the usual dietary intake declined with age and the prevalence of inadequate intake increased with age. Except for zinc, vitamin A, and B-vitamins, the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies was higher in females than in males in the same age group (p < 0.05). Therefore, Chinese adults do not receive enough micronutrients. Effective nutrition supplementary strategies and measures are needed to address these problems.

The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of central obesity and its influencing factors among Chinese adults aged 18 or older. The data were from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015–2017), which used a stratified, multistage, random sampling method. A total of 145,298 adults aged 18 years or older from 31 provinces were included in this study. The Criteria of Weight for Adults promulgated by China in 2013 were used to determine central obesity. Out of all the adults investigated, 48,342 were identified with central obesity, with a prevalence rate of 33.3%. A logistic analysis suggested that the following factors were associated with central obesity: female sex [odds ratio (OR) = 1.329, 95%CI = 1.277~1.384]; increasing age [OR (95%CI): 1.146 (1.061~1.238), 1.254 (1.167~1.348), 1.774 (1.651~1.907), 2.041 (1.894~2.198), 2.434 (2.239~2.647)]; being married [OR = 1.184, 95%CI = 1.077~1.302]; being divorced or widowed [OR = 1.132, 95%CI = 1.006~1.273]; an urban setting [OR = 1.096, 95%CI = 1.061~1.132]; BMI [OR (95%CI): 0.159 (0.095~0.266), 12.645 (11.388~14.042), 180.989 (153.025~214.064)]; drinking [OR = 1.069, 95%CI = 1.031~1.109]; and screen time > 5 h [OR = 1.088, 95%CI = 1.036~1.141] were risk factors for central obesity; while education above primary school [OR (95%CI): 0.905 (0.875~0.936), 0.857 (0.802~0.915)] and sufficient physical activity [OR = 0.819, 95%CI = 0.782~0.858] were protective factors for central obesity. This study revealed that the prevalence of central obesity, which differed by gender and age, is still high. Large differences between different groups and geographic regions exist persistently. Effective, sustainable, and culturally targeted interventions are needed.