Deep learning (DL) has recently emerged as a pivotal technology for enhancing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a critical tool in diagnostic radiology. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in DL for MRI reconstruction, and focuses on various DL approaches and architectures designed to improve image quality, accelerate scans, and address data-related challenges. It explores end-to-end neural networks, pre-trained and generative models, and self-supervised methods, and highlights their contributions to overcoming traditional MRI limitations. It also discusses the role of DL in optimizing acquisition protocols, enhancing robustness against distribution shifts, and tackling biases. Drawing on the extensive literature and practical insights, it outlines current successes, limitations, and future directions for leveraging DL in MRI reconstruction, while emphasizing the potential of DL to significantly impact clinical imaging practices.

Significance: Public databases are an important resource for machine learning research, but their growing availability sometimes leads to “off-label” usage, where data published for one task are used for another. This work reveals that such off-label usage could lead to biased, overly optimistic results of machine-learning algorithms. The underlying cause is that public data are processed with hidden processing pipelines that alter the data features. Here we study three well-known algorithms developed for image reconstruction from magnetic resonance imaging measurements and show they could produce biased results with up to 48% artificial improvement when applied to public databases. We relate to the publication of such results as implicit “data crimes” to raise community awareness of this growing big data problem.

Over the last decade, artificial intelligence (AI) has made an enormous impact on a wide range of fields, including science, engineering, informatics, finance, and transportation

If we want artificial intelligence to succeed in radiology, we must share data and learn how to share data.

MRI acquisition and reconstruction research has transformed into a computation-driven field. As methods become more sophisticated, compute-heavy, and data-hungry, efforts to reproduce them become more difficult. While the computational MRI research community has made great leaps toward reproducible computational science, there are few tailored guidelines or standards for users to follow. In this review article, we develop a cookbook to facilitate reproducible research for MRI acquisition and reconstruction. Like any good cookbook, we list several recipes, each providing a basic standard on how to make computational MRI research reproducible. And like cooking, we show example flavours where reproducibility may fail due to under-specification. We structure the article, so that the cookbook itself serves as an example of reproducible research by providing sequence and reconstruction definitions as well as data to reproduce the experimental results in the figures. We also propose a community-driven effort to compile an evolving list of best practices for making computational MRI research reproducible.