Plant diversity is an important driver of below‐ground ecosystem functions, such as root growth, soil organic matter (SOM) storage and microbial metabolism, mainly by influencing the interactions between plant roots and soil. Dissolved organic matter (DOM), as the most mobile form of SOM, plays a crucial role for a multitude of soil processes that are central for ecosystem functioning. Thus, DOM is likely to be an important mediator of plant diversity effects on soil processes. However, the relationships between plant diversity and DOM have not been studied so far. We investigated the mechanisms underlying plant diversity effects on concentrations of DOM using continuous soil water sampling across 6 years and 62 plant communities in a long‐term grassland biodiversity experiment in Jena, Germany. Furthermore, we investigated plant diversity effects on the molecular properties of DOM in a subset of the samples. Although DOM concentrations were highly variable over the course of the year with highest concentrations in summer and autumn, we found that DOM concentrations consistently increased with plant diversity across seasons. The positive plant diversity effect on DOM concentrations was mainly mediated by increased microbial activity and newly sequestered carbon in topsoil. However, the effect of soil microbial activity on DOM concentrations differed between seasons, indicating DOM consumption in winter and spring, and DOM production in summer and autumn. Furthermore, we found increased contents of small and easily decomposable DOM molecules reaching deeper soil layers with high plant diversity. Synthesis. Our findings suggest that plant diversity enhances the continuous downward transport of DOM in multiple ways. On the one hand, higher plant diversity results in higher DOM concentrations, on the other hand, this DOM is less degraded. This study indicates, for the first time, that higher plant diversity enhances the downward transport of dissolved molecules that likely stimulate soil development in deeper layers and therefore increase soil fertility.

Throughfall heterogeneity induced by the redistribution of precipitation in vegetation canopies has repeatedly been hypothesized to affect the variation in the soil water content and runoff behavior, especially in forests. However, observational studies relating the spatial variation in the soil water content directly to net precipitation are rare, and few confirm modeling hypotheses. Here, we investigate whether throughfall patterns affect the spatial heterogeneity in the soil water response in the main rooting zone. We assessed rainfall, throughfall and soil water content (at two depths, 7.5 and 27.5 cm) on a 1 ha temperate mixed-beech forest plot in Germany during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons using independent, high-resolution, stratified, random designs. Because the throughfall and soil water content cannot be measured at the same location, we used kriging to derive the throughfall values at the locations where the soil water content was measured. We first explored the spatial variation and temporal stability of throughfall and soil water patterns and subsequently evaluated the effects of input (throughfall), soil properties (field capacity and macroporosity), and vegetation parameters (canopy cover and distance to the next tree) on the soil water content and dynamics. Throughfall spatial patterns were related to canopy density. Although spatial autocorrelation decreased with increasing event sizes, temporally stable throughfall patterns emerged, leading to reoccurring higher- and lower-input locations across precipitation events. Linear mixed-effects model analysis showed that soil water content patterns were poorly related to spatial patterns of throughfall and that they were more influenced by unidentified, but time constant, factors. Instead of the soil water content itself, the patterns of its increase after rainfall corresponded more closely to throughfall patterns: more water was stored in the soil in areas where throughfall was elevated. Furthermore, soil moisture patterns themselves affected the local soil water response, probably by mediating fast drainage and runoff. Locations with a low topsoil water content tended to store less of the input water, indicating preferential flow. In contrast, locations with a high water content stored less water in the subsoil. Moreover, the distance to the next tree and macroporosity modified how much water was retained in soil storage. Overall, throughfall patterns imprinted less on the soil water content and more on the soil water dynamics shortly after rainfall events; therefore, percolation rather than the soil water content may depend on the small-scale spatial heterogeneity in canopy input patterns.

River floodplains provide a large number of ecosystem services (ESSs) for human societies. However, human manipulations of rivers and floodplains have led to the loss of many ESSs, including the provision of habitats for typical floodplain flora and fauna. To quantify such losses, we present a new index, which incorporates the functional and structural quality of riverine and alluvial habitats and their communities. The assessment is based on publicly available biotic and abiotic data at a local scale (e.g., habitat type mapping, species data). The new evaluation method consists of three steps: First, an evaluation at habitat type level is done by using well-established assessment criteria (e.g., groundwater dependence, legal protection status, regenerability). Secondly, the individual habitats are assessed based on specific quality characteristics (e.g., presence of protected birds or backwater influence). Finally, these values are aggregated within 1-km floodplain compartments weighted by their spatial expansion. The index uses a five-step value to describe the importance of a floodplain area for typical species and habitats from “very high” (=5) to “very low” (=1). The aim of this “habitat provision index” is to provide a tool for planners and decision makers to compare and analyze the effects of past or future measures. The methodical approach is tested for two rivers: the Nahe and the Rhine. The performance of the index is analyzed by comparing the current conditions (status quo) against two different scenarios. The index is validated and shown to be sensitive to different water management scenarios (river restoration and technical polder scenario for flood risk enhancement), with both scenarios showing an improvement in the habitat provision value.

This study investigates whether and how vegetation cover affects the spatial heterogeneity and vertical penetration of water through the Upper Critical Zone (UCZ). We assessed rainfall, throughfall and soil water contents on a 1‐ha temperate mixed beech forest plot in Germany. Throughfall and soil water content in two depths (7.5 cm and 27.5 cm) were measured on an event basis during the 2015 - 2016 growing season in independent high‐resolution stratified random designs. We calculated the increase of soil water content (Δθ) due to the rainfall by the difference between measurements at the beginning (pre-event) and the maximum soil water content after the end of rainfall event (post-event). Since throughfall and soil water content cannot be assessed at the same location, we used kriging to derive the throughfall values at the locations where soil water content was measured. We explore the spatial variation and temporal stability of throughfall and soil water content and evaluate the effects of throughfall, soil properties (field capacity and air capacity), and vegetation parameters (next tree distance) on soil water content variability. Throughfall patterns were related to canopy density although correlation length decreased with increasing event size. Temporal stability was high, leading to persistently high and lower input locations across rainfall events. A linear mixed effect model analysis confirmed that the soil water content increase due to precipitation depended on throughfall patterns, in that more water was stored in the soil where throughfall was enhanced. This was especially the case in large events and in both investigated soil depths. However, we also identified additional factors that enhanced or decreased water storage in the soil, and probably indicate fast drainage and runoff components. Locations with low topsoil water content tended to store less of the available water, indicating the role of preferential flow. In contrast in subsoil, locations with high water content, and probably poor drainage, stored less water, indicating lateral flow. Also, distance to the next tree and air capacity modified soil water storage. Spatial soil water content patterns shortly before a rainfall event (pre-event conditions) seem to be a key factor in soil water content increase, and also explained much of soil water content shortly after the rainfall event. Pre-event soil water content was mostly driven by random local effects, probably microtopography and root water uptake, which were not quantified in this study. The remaining spatial variation was explained by air capacity in both soil layers, indicating the role of macroporosity. Our findings show at the same time systematic patterns of times and locations where the soil capacity to store water is reduced and water probably conducted quickly to greater depth. Not only soil moisture patterns but also deeper percolation may depend on small scale spatial heterogeneity of canopy input patterns.

Throughfall heterogeneity induced by the redistribution of precipitation in vegetation canopies has repeatedly been hypothesized to affect the variation of soil water content and runoff behavior, especially in forests. However, we are not aware of any observational study relating the spatial variation of soil water content directly to net precipitation to confirm modelling hypotheses. Here, we investigate whether throughfall patterns affect the spatial heterogeneity of soil water response in the main rooting zone. We assessed rainfall, throughfall and soil water contents (two depths: 7.5 cm and 27.5 cm) on a 1‐ha temperate mixed beech forest plot in Germany 2015–2016 during the growing seasons in independent high‐resolution stratified random designs. Because throughfall and soil water content cannot be measured at the same location, we used kriging to derive the throughfall values at the locations where soil water content was measured. We first explore the spatial variation and temporal stability of throughfall and soil water patterns, and next evaluate the effects of input (throughfall), soil properties (field capacity and air capacity), and vegetation parameters (canopy cover and distance to the next tree) on soil water content and dynamics. Throughfall spatial patterns were related to canopy density. Although spatial auto-correlation decreased with increasing event sizes, temporally stable throughfall patterns emerged, leading to reoccurring high and lower input locations across precipitation events. A linear mixed effect model analysis showed, that soil water content patterns were only poorly linked to throughfall spatial patterns, and it was rather shaped by unidentified but time constant factors. Instead of soil water content itself, the patterns of its increase after rainfall corresponded more closely to throughfall patterns, in that more water was stored in the soil where throughfall was elevated. Furthermore, soil moisture patterns themselves enhanced or decreased water storage in the soil, and probably fast drainage and runoff components. Locations with low topsoil water content tended to store less of the input water, indicating preferential flow. In contrast in subsoil, locations with high water content stored less water. Also, distance to the next tree and air capacity modified how much water was retained in soil storage. In this comprehensive study we show that throughfall patterns imprint less on soil water contents and more on soil water dynamics shortly after rainfall events, therefore only partly confirming previous modelling with data. Our findings highlight at the same time systematic patterns of times and locations where the capacity to store water is reduced and water probably conducted quickly to greater depth. Our results indicate that not soil moisture patterns but rather percolation may depend on small scale spatial heterogeneity of canopy input patterns.