Lactate, a crucial product of the anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrates in the human body, is of enormous significance in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and scientific exercise management. The level of lactate in the bio-fluid is a crucial health indicator because it is related to diseases, such as hypoxia, metabolic disorders, renal failure, heart failure, and respiratory failure. For critically ill patients and those who need to regularly control lactate levels, it is vital to develop a non-invasive wearable sensor to detect lactate levels in matrices other than blood. Due to its high sensitivity, high selectivity, low detection limit, simplicity of use, and ability to identify target molecules in the presence of interfering chemicals, biosensing is a potential analytical approach for lactate detection that has received increasing attention. Various types of wearable lactate biosensors are reviewed in this paper, along with their preparation, key properties, and commonly used flexible substrate materials including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), paper, and textiles. Key performance indicators, including sensitivity, linear detection range, and detection limit, are also compared. The challenges for future development are also summarized, along with some recommendations for the future development of lactate biosensors.

In the field of water purification, membrane separation technology plays a significant role. Electrospinning has emerged as a primary method to produce nanofiber membranes due to its straightforward, low cost, functional diversity, and process controllability. It is possible to flexibly control the structural characteristics of electrospun nanofiber membranes as well as carry out various membrane material combinations to make full use of their various properties, including high porosity, high selectivity, and microporous permeability to obtain high-performance water treatment membranes. These water separation membranes can satisfy the fast and efficient purification requirements in different water purification applications due to their high filtration efficiency. The current research on water treatment membranes is still focused on creating high-permeability membranes with outstanding selectivity, remarkable antifouling performance, superior physical and chemical performance, and long-term stability. This paper reviewed the preparation methods and properties of electrospun nanofiber membranes for water treatment in various fields, including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, and other special applications. Lastly, various antifouling technologies and research progress of water treatment membranes were discussed, and the future development direction of electrospun nanofiber membranes for water treatment was also presented.