This study demonstrates both prokaryotic and eukaryotic community structures and dominant taxonomies in different positions of the greatest estuary reservoir for drinking water source in the world in four seasons of one year using 454 pyrosequencing method with total of 312,949 16S rRNA and 374,752 18S rRNA gene fragments, including 1,652 bacteria OTUs and 1,182 fungus OTUs. During winter and spring, the community composition at the phylum level showed that microorganisms had similar structures but their quantities were different. Similarly, obvious changes at the genus level were observed among the samples taken in winter and spring between summer and fall. Microorganisms located the reservoir inlet were founded to be different from those in rear at both phylum and genus level. Air temperature had a stronger effect than sampling location on the microbial community structure. Total nitrogen and dissolved oxygen were algae-monitoring indicators during the whole year. Moreover, Bacillus was an efficient indicator during summer and autumn for bacteria OTUs.

A rapid Fenton treatment at second-scale intervals was investigated for further removal of organic compounds in the effluent of bio-treated dyeing and finishing wastewater (BDFW). The decolorization kinetics was studied using a stopped-flow spectrophotometer (SFS) at second-scale intervals. A combined first-order model was found to fit well for the decrease of both methylene blue and rhodamine B in SFS as well as SCOD (soluble chemical oxygen demand) and DOC (dissolved organic carbon) in real BDFW in batch test during Fenton oxidation. A full-scale plant with treatment capacity of 400,000 m³·d⁻¹ was designed and has been run continuously based on the results of the stopped-flow study to treat the effluent of BDFW using Fenton oxidation in 16 pipeline reactors, each with a volume of 6.9 m³ and 24 s of reaction time since 2014. The COD, SCOD and DOC decreased from 140, 110 and 35 mg·L⁻¹ to 77, 71 and 26 mg·L⁻¹ respectively, which can meet the latest strict discharge limitations. The natural fluorescent substances detected in the BDFW were completely removed. The main organic pollutants in the BDFW can be significantly reduced using both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The rapid Fenton reaction applied in pipeline reactors at second intervals has several advantages over the conventional Fenton’s process such as much shorter reaction time at second scale intervals, no need to build extra pH adjustment or reaction tanks, simple operation, low capital cost, etc.