The genetically related assemblages of the intestinal protozoa parasite Giardia lamblia are morphologically indistinguishable and are often derived from specific hosts. The Giardia assemblages are separated by large genetic distances, which might account for their relevant biological and pathogenic differences. In this work, we analyzed the RNAs cargo released into exosomal-like vesicles (ElVs) by the assemblages A and B, which differentially infect humans, and the assemblage E, which infects hoofed animals. The RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the ElVs of each assemblage contained distinct small RNA (sRNA) biotypes, suggesting a preference for specific packaging in each assemblage. These sRNAs were classified into three categories, ribosomal-small RNAs (rsRNAs), messenger-small RNAs (msRNAs), and transfer-small RNAs (tsRNAs), which may play a regulatory role in parasite communication and contribute to host-specificity and pathogenesis. Uptake experiments showed, for the first time, that ElVs were successfully internalized by the parasite trophozoites. Furthermore, we observed that the sRNAs contained inside these ElVs were first located below the plasma membrane but then distributed along the cytoplasm. Overall, the study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the host-specificity and pathogenesis of G. lamblia and highlights the potential role of sRNAs in parasite communication and regulation.

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the tunica media are essential for maintaining the structure and function of the arterial wall. These cells regulate vascular tone and contribute to vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, particularly during development. Proper control of VSMC differentiation ensures the correct size and patterning of vessels. Dysregulation of VSMC behaviour in adulthood, however, is linked to serious cardiovascular diseases, including aortic aneurysm, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and pulmonary hypertension. VSMCs are characterised by their phenotypic plasticity, which is the capacity to transition from a contractile to a synthetic, dedifferentiated state in response to environmental cues. This phenotypic switch plays a central role in vascular remodelling, a process that drives the progression of many vascular pathologies. Epigenetic mechanisms, which are defined as heritable but reversible changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the DNA sequence, have emerged as key regulators of VSMC identity and behaviour. These mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodelling, non-coding RNA and RNA modifications. Understanding how these epigenetic processes influence VSMC plasticity is crucial to uncovering the molecular basis of vascular development and disease. This review explores the current understanding of VSMC biology, focusing on epigenetic regulation in health and pathology.

Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) can transition between a quiescent contractile or “differentiated” phenotype and a “proliferative-dedifferentiated” phenotype in response to environmental cues, similar to what in occurs in the wound healing process observed in fibroblasts. When dysregulated, these processes contribute to the development of various lung and cardiovascular diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key modulators of SMC differentiation and phenotypic changes. In this study, we examined the expression of lncRNAs in primary human pulmonary artery SMCs (hPASMCs) during cell-to-cell contact-induced SMC differentiation. We discovered a novel lncRNA, which we named Differentiation And Growth Arrest-Related lncRNA (DAGAR) that was significantly upregulated in the quiescent phenotype with respect to proliferative SMCs and in cell-cycle-arrested MRC5 lung fibroblasts. We demonstrated that DAGAR expression is essential for SMC quiescence and its knockdown hinders SMC differentiation. The treatment of quiescent SMCs with the pro-inflammatory cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a known inducer of SMC dedifferentiation and proliferation, elicited DAGAR downregulation. Consistent with this, we observed diminished DAGAR expression in pulmonary arteries from COPD patients compared to non-smoker controls. Through pulldown experiments followed by mass spectrometry analysis, we identified several proteins that interact with DAGAR that are related to cell differentiation, the cell cycle, cytoskeleton organization, iron metabolism, and the N-6-Methyladenosine (m6A) machinery. In conclusion, our findings highlight DAGAR as a novel lncRNA that plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell proliferation and SMC differentiation. This paper underscores the potential significance of DAGAR in SMC and fibroblast physiology in health and disease.

The intracellular concentration of rifampicin (RIF) loaded into chitosan (CS)/Tween 80 (T80)-coated alginate nanoparticles determined by a validated RP-HPLC method and fluorescence microscopy studies demonstrated that the nanoparticles promote the cellular internalization of RIF.

Proper assembly of cortical circuits depends on the orderly migration of excitatory projection neurons, a multistep process marked by dynamic cell shape remodeling, including the transition from multipolar-to-bipolar morphology (MP-to-BP) followed by radial glial-guided locomotion. Although molecular players regulating individual stages have been identified, how these steps are coordinated remains unclear. Here, we uncover a critical role for the multidomain Rho-GAP oligophrenin-1 (OPHN1), an X-linked intellectual disability protein, as a dual-function regulator of radial migration. Using a molecular replacement strategy combined with live-cell imaging, we show that OPHN1 governs successive phases of migration through distinct domains and mechanisms: its GAP domain promotes the MP-to-BP transition by suppressing RHOA–ROCK signaling, whereas its second proline-rich domain regulates leading process remodeling and nucleokinesis during locomotion via interaction with the protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons 2 (PACSIN2). Together, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized role for OPHN1 in early cortical development and demonstrate that its domain-specific functions facilitate stepwise control of radial migration during corticogenesis.