One of the most important challenges for soil science is to determine the limits for the sustainable functioning of contaminated ecosystems. The response of soil microbiomes to kerosene pollution is still poorly understood. Here, we model the impact of kerosene leakage on the composition of the topsoil microbiome in pot and field experiments with different loads of added kerosene (loads up to 100 g/kg; retention time up to 360 days). At four time points we measured kerosene concentration and sequenced variable regions of 16S ribosomal RNA in the microbial communities. Mainly alkaline Dystric Arenosols with low content of available phosphorus and soil organic matter had an increased fraction of Actinobacteriota, Firmicutes, Nitrospirota, Planctomycetota, and, to a lesser extent, Acidobacteriota and Verrucomicobacteriota. In contrast, in highly acidic Fibric Histosols, rich in soil organic matter and available phosphorus, the fraction of Acidobacteriota was higher, while the fraction of Actinobacteriota was lower. Albic Luvisols occupied an intermediate position in terms of both physicochemical properties and microbiome composition. The microbiomes of different soils show similar response to equal kerosene loads. In highly contaminated soils, the proportion of anaerobic bacteria-metabolizing hydrocarbons increased, whereas the proportion of aerobic bacteria decreased. During the field experiment, the soil microbiome recovered much faster than in the pot experiments, possibly due to migration of microorganisms from the polluted area. The microbial community of Fibric Histosols recovered in 6 months after kerosene had been loaded, while microbiomes of Dystric Arenosols and Albic Luvisols did not restore even after a year.

Significant environmental impacts of mining activities connected with high-sulfur materials result from the production of acid mine drainage and potentially toxic elements, which easily migrate to adjacent ecosystems due to the typical absence of vegetation on spoil heaps and toeslope talus mantle. In this paper, we present the results of the first comprehensive study of the ecosystems affected by acidic and metal-enriched (Al, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, and Zn) mine drainage conducted at spoil heaps and adjacent talus mantle under semihumid climate conditions within the Moscow Brown Coal Basin (Central Russian Upland, Tula Region, Russia). A total of 162 samples were collected, including 98 soil samples, 42 surface water samples, and 22 plant samples (aerial tissues of birch). Coal talus mantle materials of Regosols were characterized by the increased concentration of water-soluble Ca, K, Mg, and S, and all mobile fractions of Al, Co, S, and Zn. The chemical composition of birch samples within the zones affected by acid mine drainage differed insignificantly from those in the unpolluted ecosystems with black soils, due to the high tolerance of birch to such conditions. Differences between the affected and undisturbed sites in terms of the chemical composition decreased in the following order: waters > soils > plants. The geochemical characterization of plants and soils in coal mining areas is essential for the mitigation of negative consequences of mining activities.

Rocket launches are a source of anthropogenic disturbance to Central Kazakhstan ecosystems. Multistage launch vehicles (LV) are used for orbit insertion of different spacecrafts from the Baikonur cosmodrome (Republic of Kazakhstan). The launch consists of stages during which the rocket separates successively, with pieces falling to the ground along the flight route of the LV. Regions of first stage falling located in Central Kazakhstan endure the most intensive impact. First stage fallings lead to mechanical and pyrogenic disturbance and pollution by fuel components. We characterized vegetation changes at the first stage falling sites of ‘Proton-M’ rocket carriers during two growing seasons. Spontaneous revegetation by ruderal plant communities occurs after falling. First stage falling sites have lower vegetation cover and species diversity. Ceratocarpus arenarius is a dominant species in plant communities at the sites that have been affected by first stage falling. After winter rocket launches vegetation is less deteriorated at the falling sites than after spring and summer launches. The recovery process in plant communities is considerably faster at falling sites corresponding to winter rocket launches. Nomenclature: S.K. Cherepanov (1995).

In arid lands of Central Kazakhstan, fires commonly occur due to both man-made (e.g. space rocket launches) and natural factors. Remote sensing is the best method to identify burned landscapes and to assess their long-term dynamics. In this paper, we assessed total areas and seasonal features of fires using Landsat 8 OLI data of high spatial and temporal resolution, corrected for atmospheric effects. We defined data requirements, considered various spectral indices, and evaluated their suitability for automated delineation of burned areas. Spectral indices included special burn indices (NBRT, MIRBI, NBR, NBR2, BAI) and vegetation indices (MSAVI, MSAVI2, MTVI2, GEMI3) that allowed us to determine the boundaries and severity of fires indirectly based on the state of vegetation. Our study showed that burned areas were most accurately identified using indices of NBR2 (normalized burn ratio 2) and MSAVI2 (modified soil adjusted vegetation index 2). They were extracted using image segmentation and natural breaks classification methods. We have assessed MSAVI2 and NBR2 segmentation results with machine learning metrics, i.e. for Soyuz drop zone (landing area of rocket stages) precision of NBR segmentation equaled 99.5%, recall − 99.5%, accuracy − 98.5%. For Proton drop zone NBR segmentation precision equaled 99.3%, recall − 99.7%, accuracy − 99.4%. MSAVI2 results are less accurate. The accuracy of segmentation significantly depended on the vegetation state which was predetermined by the frequency and severity of previous fires within certain territory.

The soil response to a jet-fuel contamination is uncertain. In this article, original data on the influence of a jet-fuel spillage on the topsoil properties are presented. The data set is obtained during a one-year long pot and field experiments with Dystric Arenosols, Fibric Histosols and Albic Luvisols. Kerosene loads were 1, 5, 10, 25 and 100 g/kg. The data set includes information about temporal changes in kerosene concentration; physicochemical properties, such as рН, moisture, cation exchange capacity, content of soil organic matter, available P and K, exchangeable NH₄ ⁺, and water-soluble NO₃ ^-; and biological properties, such as biological consumption of oxygen, and cellulolytic activity. Also, we provide sequencing data on variable regions of 16S ribosomal RNA of microbial communities from the respective soil samples.