The renin–angiotensin system plays a critical role in blood pressure control and body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Besides angiotensin (Ang) II, other Ang peptides, such as Ang III [Ang-(2–8)], Ang IV [Ang-(3–8)], and Ang-(1–7) may also have important biological activities. Ang-(1–7) has become an angiotensin of interest in the past few years, because its cardiovascular and baroreflex actions counteract those of Ang II. Unique angiotensin-binding sites specific for this heptapeptide and studies with a selective Ang-(1–7) antagonist indicated the existence of a distinct Ang-(1–7) receptor. We demonstrate that genetic deletion of the G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the Mas protooncogene abolishes the binding of Ang-(1–7) to mouse kidneys. Accordingly, Mas -deficient mice completely lack the antidiuretic action of Ang-(1–7) after an acute water load. Ang-(1–7) binds to Mas -transfected cells and elicits arachidonic acid release. Furthermore, Mas-deficient aortas lose their Ang-(1–7)-induced relaxation response. Collectively, these findings identify Mas as a functional receptor for Ang-(1–7) and provide a clear molecular basis for the physiological actions of this biologically active peptide.

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 prompted consternation in many parts of the world. Due to its fast dissemination, the World Health Organization declared a pandemic in March 2020. Aiming to contain the spread of the virus, leaders of many countries restrained social movement, targeting to flatten the curve of contamination with social distancing. This review aimed to analyze how human behavior has changed throughout this period. We also approached the key components of the emotional reaction to the pandemic, how internal and external factors, such as personality traits, gender, the media, the economy and the governmental response, influence the social perception of the pandemic and the psychological outcomes of the current scenario. Moreover, we explored in depth the groups at increased risk of suffering mental health burden secondary to these circumstances. These include the healthcare professionals, elderly individuals, children, college students, black subjects, latin and LGBTQ+ communities, economically disadvantaged groups, the homeless, prisoners, the rural population and psychiatric patients. We also discussed several measures that might minimize the emotional impact derived from this scenario. It is crucial that the health authorities, the government and the population articulate to assist the vulnerable groups and promote emotional and psychological support strategies. Moreover, it is fundamental that the population is provided with accurate information concerning the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: The renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in inflammation and fibrosis. The classical axis of the RAS, formed by angiotensin converting en-zyme (ACE), angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1), activates several cell functions and molecular signaling pathways related to tissue injury, inflammation and fibrosis. In sharp contrast, the RAS axis composed by angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin-(1-7) and Mas receptor exerts opposite effects in relation to inflammatory response and tissue fibrosis. Objective: In this review, we have the aim to summarize recent findings on the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrogenic role of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis in the context of basic research, experimental human dis-eases and clinical studies. Results: Several studies showed that ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas axis reduces cytokine release and inhibits signaling pathways of tissue fibrosis in experimental models of human diseases including atherosclerosis, cerebral ischemia, obesity, chronic kidney disease, liver diseases and asthma. On the other hand, very few data was provided by clinical studies. Conclusion: Experimental studies clearly support the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of ACE2/ Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis. Clinical studies, especially phase III and IV trials, will be necessary to establish the therapeutic role of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis in controlling inflammation in different human diseases.