In the present scenario, resistance to antibiotics is one of the crucial issues related to public health. Earlier, such resistance to antibiotics was limited to nosocomial infections, but it has now become a common phenomenon. Several factors, like extensive development, overexploitation of antibiotics, excessive application of broad‐spectrum drugs, and a shortage of target‐oriented antimicrobial drugs, could be attributed to this condition. Nowadays, there is a rise in the occurrence of these drug‐resistant pathogens due to the availability of a small number of effective antimicrobial agents. It has been estimated that if new novel drugs are not discovered or formulated, there would be no effective antibiotic available to treat these deadly resistant pathogens by 2050. For this reason, we have to look for the formulation of some new novel drugs or other options or substitutes to treat such multidrug‐resistant microorganisms (MDR). The current review focuses on the evolution of the most common multidrug‐resistant bacteria and discusses how these bacteria escape the effects of targeted antibiotics and become multidrug resistant. In addition, we also discuss some alternative mechanisms to prevent their infection as well.

BACKGROUND The investigation of plant-based therapeutic agents in medicinal plants has revealed their presence in the extracts and provides the vision to formulate novel techniques for drug therapy. Vitex negundo (V. negundo ), a perennial herb belonging to the Varbanaceae family, is extensively used in conventional medication. AIM To determine the existence of therapeutic components in leaf and callus extracts from wild V. negundo plants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). METHODS In this study, we conducted GC-MS on wild plant leaf extracts and correlated the presence of constituents with those in callus extracts. Various growth regulators such as 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), and di-phenylurea (DPU) were added to plant leaves and in-vitro callus and grown on MS medium. RESULTS The results clearly indicated that the addition of BAP (2.0 mg/L), 2,4-D (0.2 mg/mL), DPU (2.0 mg/L) and 2,4-D (0.2 mg/mL) in MS medium resulted in rapid callus development. The plant profile of Vitex extracts by GC-MS analysis showed that 24, 10, and 14 bioactive constituents were detected in the methanolic extract of leaf, green callus and the methanolic extract of white loose callus, respectively. CONCLUSION Octadecadienoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and methyl ester were the major constituents in the leaf and callus methanolic extract. Octadecadienoic acid was the most common constituent in all samples. The maximum concentration of octadecadienoic acid in leaves, green callus and white loose callus was 21.93%, 47.79% and 40.38%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the concentration of octadecadienoic acid doubles in-vitro compared to in-vivo . In addition to octadecadienoic acid; butyric acid, benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl), dospan, tridecanedialdehyde, methylcyclohexenylbutanol, chlorpyrifos, n-secondary terpene diester, anflunine and other important active compounds were also detected. All these components were only available in callus formed in-vitro . This study showed that the callus contained additional botanical characteristics compared with wild plants. Due to the presence of numerous bioactive compounds, the medical use of Vitex for various diseases has been accepted and the plant is considered an important source of therapeutics for research and development.

In the current virus infection and pandemic situation, the extremely convenient gold nanoparticles sensor (AuNPs) dependent antibody and antigen detection kits are very important assays for infection detection. Various laboratories and manufacturers across the globe are utilizing different kits development and manufacturing processes, but the development of kits and large scale manufacturing are two different things. A manufacturing process needs to be controlled for financial, quality and regulatory compliance. The best way to control the process is by statistical method. The process produces products that contain variables as critical quality attributes (dependent variables) are predicted over the processing time. There are distinct immune-chromatographic point to care diagnosis devices and kits available with different quality attributes like antigen-antibody proteins, aptamers, markers (nanoparticles, latex beads, and fluorescence) and devices performance attributes, etc. Such attributes add uncertainty to the durability of such instruments. The gold nanoparticles are one of the key attributes, which certainly defines the performance of kits (sensitivity, specificity and uniformity). To establishing the manufacturing process capability, the static tolerance intervals are critical for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles, protein conjugation, and nitrocellulose membrane coating. In the immune test kits, critical process parameters (independent variable) affect dependent responses can be controlled statistically by fitting purpose methodology. The manufacturing process is to be established in the state of engineering control by setting up the critical process parameters. Statistically, the manufacturers can predict and handle out-of-specification (OOS) results even if the process is inconsistent and unstable. This article provides scientific tools to the reader to determine whether or not a gold nanoparticles based immunechromatographic development process is statically capable of scale-up.