This study aimed to identify the differential expression levels of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ), and progesterone receptor (PGR) between normal prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The combination of immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting assay was used to identify the distribution and differential expression of these receptors at the immunoactive biomarker, transcriptional, and protein levels between 5 normal human prostate tissues and 40 BPH tissues. The results were then validated in a rat model of BPH induced by testosterone propionate and estradiol benzoate. In both human and rat prostate tissues, AR was localized mainly to epithelial and stromal cell nuclei; ERα was distributed mainly to stromal cells, but not exclusively; ERβ was interspersed in the basal layer of epithelium, but sporadically in epithelial and stromal cells; PGR was expressed abundantly in cytoplasm of epithelial and stromal cells. There were decreased expression of ERα and increased expression of PGR, but no difference in the expression of ERβ in the BPH compared to the normal prostate of both human and rat. Increased expression of AR in the BPH compared to the normal prostate of human was observed, however, the expression of AR in the rat prostate tissue was decreased. This study identified the activation of AR and PGR and repression of ERα in BPH, which indicate a promoting role of AR and PGR and an inhibitory role of ERα in the pathogenesis of BPH.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) stands among the top 10 malignant neoplasms with the highest fatality rates. It exhibits pronounced heterogeneity and robust metastatic behavior. Patients with RCC may present with solitary or multiple metastatic lesions at various anatomical sites, and their prognoses are contingent upon the site of metastasis. When deliberating the optimal therapeutic approach for a patient, thorough evaluation of significant risk factors such as the feasibility of complete resection, the presence of oligometastases, and the patient’s functional and physical condition is imperative. Recognizing the nuanced differences in RCC metastasis to distinct organs proves advantageous in contemplating potential treatment modalities aimed at optimizing survival outcomes. Moreover, discerning the metastatic site holds promise for enhancing risk stratification in individuals with metastatic RCC. This review summarizes the recent data pertaining to the current status of different RCC metastatic sites and elucidates their role in informing clinical management strategies across diverse metastatic locales of RCC.

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases that can present with diverse extra-articular manifestations. However, bladder involvement as the primary clinical presentation has not been previously reported. : We present a case report of a 55-year-old male with a 20-year history of recurrent left lower abdominal pain and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Despite multiple treatments for presumed chronic prostatitis and cystitis, symptoms persisted. Imaging revealed bladder wall alterations and inflammatory changes in bilateral sacroiliac joints. Laboratory tests showed positive HLA-B27 expression. Histopathological examination of bladder tissue demonstrated chronic inflammation with eosinophilic infiltration and vasculitis. These findings led to a diagnosis of SpA, despite the absence of typical musculoskeletal symptoms. Treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors resulted in complete resolution of urological symptoms and normalization of bladder morphology. After one month of continuous management, the patient experienced significant relief from left lower abdominal pain (NRS 2–3) and LUTS. The patient reported complete alleviation of pain (NRS 0) and LUTS at the three-month follow-up. No recurrence was observed during a 1-year follow-up period. This case highlights the potential for SpA to manifest primarily with urological symptoms, emphasizing the need for clinicians to consider systemic inflammatory conditions in cases of refractory LUTS. The successful diagnosis and management underscore the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between urology and rheumatology.