A supercapacitor is a type of electrical component that has larger capacitance, due to asymmetric behavior with better power density, and lower ESR (effective series resistance) than conventional energy-storage components. Supercapacitors can be used with battery technology to create an effective energy storage system due to their qualities and precise characterization. Studies have shown that the use of quantum dots as electrodes in supercapacitors can significantly increase their effectiveness. In this research article, we have used a Drude model based on free electrons (asymmetric nature) to describe the supercapacitor’s discharging characteristics. Commercially available Nippon DLA and Green-cap supercapacitors were used to verify the Drude model by discharging them through a constant current source using a simple current mirror circuit. The parameters of both the fractional-order models and our suggested method were estimated using the least-squares regression fitting approach. An intriguing finding from the Drude model is the current-dependent behavior of the leakage-parallel resistance in the constant current discharge process. Instead of using the traditional exponential rule, supercapacitors discharge according to a power law. This work reflects the strong symmetry of different aspects of designing a hybrid supercapacitor with high efficiency and reliability.

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) overlays and Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) exhibit some common characteristics, such as dynamism, self-organization and decentralized control. The synergy between the two has been utilized by researchers to design distributed applications over MANETs. However, the available simulation platforms are far from perfect to evaluate the proposed designs. In most of the simulation platforms, good support is available for wired networks, wireless ad hoc networks and P2P overlays. However, P2P overlays in these platforms are programmed on top of wired networks, and there is no ready-to-use implementation of P2P over MANETs. In this paper, we present our experience and lessons learnt while simulating P2P over MANETs. We have tried different available platforms and concluded that OverSim over OMNeT++ is the best candidate for P2P simulation over MANET underlay. However, we need to incorporate a lot of changes and configurations to solve the purpose. We have designed a new underlay configurator by modifying an existing underlay model of OverSim to add wireless and mobility support in overlay nodes. The modified simulation setup is used for performance evaluation of P2P overlay over MANET at different mobility speeds and node densities. The results obtained are consistent with mobility and churn dynamics, thereby suggesting the utility of our simulation setup.

Several academic degree programs have research component. As a first step in the research activity, Research scholar has to undertake literature survey, which enables them to understand the domain of their research and to identify the problem, which they would like to address. This literature survey maps to searching the web for published papers in different professional society like ACM, IEEE and by any related digital library of their domain of interest. These Professional Societies have knowledge base regarding research publication. The knowledge base uses ontology build by ontology expert of that domain, publically available to reuse. These ontologies suffer from the limitations of domain knowledge. We have proposed a novel scheme to map among different types of ontology build by different professional society using Metadata of research publication. To map ontology we use DDC (Dewey Decimal Code), a classification system, to fit different domain ontologies into one based on the metadata. The metadata play vital role to make ontology, which are obtained from research publications, has attributes Subject, Title, keyword, Author Name, and Affiliation etc. This Integrated ontology is generalization of world knowledge.