The current study examined the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of leaf and fruit-skin extracts of Annona muricata Linn. The extracts were screened qualitatively for their phytochemical constituents following established protocols; disc diffusion method was employed for the antibacterial study on Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, after which their minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined via double dilution method. Furthermore, selected extracts were screened against 50 multidrug-resistant clinical isolates from immunocompomised patients who are already down with secondary acute respiratory infections. The phytochemical screening of the extracts collectively revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, flavonoids, coumarin, alkaloids, antocyanins and betacyanins. Only aqueous leaf (ALA) and fruit-skin ethanol (ESA) extracts showed remarkable activity with 15 – 17 mm inhibition diameter (DIH) against the test organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for the ALA and ESA were 25 and 6.25 mgmL-¹ respectively. The two extracts further showed activity (6-18 mm DIH) against 80% of the multidrug resistant isolates tested. It can therefore be inferred from this study that Annona muricata possibly contains potent bioactive antibacterials that can be developed into nature-friendly drugs to counter the effects of pathogenic bacteria, thereby preserving lives as well as sustaining a viable environment.

Uncontrolled cell proliferation hallmarks cancer and most cancer cells have developed multiple resistance to the drugs employed for their treatment. The study examined the phytochemical and antioxidant properties of the fruit-skin ethanol extract ofAnnona muricataLinn. (ESA) and its effect on rat liver mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MMPT). Qualitative phytochemical study and antioxidant assays were carried out following established protocols while the opening of the MMPT pore in the presence of varying concentrations of the extract was assayed spectrophotometrically under succinate-energized conditions. Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and spermine were used to trigger and inhibit pore opening respectively. Cytochrome c release was assayed for using ELISA kit. Terpenoids, steroids, phenols among other phytochemicals were found present in ESA and the extract showed very low antioxidant properties at the tested concentrations based on the diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay. Lipid peroxidation was induced in a concentration-dependent manner on both the cytosolic and mitochondrial hepatocyte fractionsin vitro. In the absence of CaCl₂0.84 mg/mL concentration of ESA induced MMPT pore opening by 129% while the extracts showed no inhibitory activity in its presence. The induction fold corresponded with the concentrations of cytochrome c released. The fruit-skin ethanol extract ofAnnona muricataat certain concentrations may possibly contain bioactive compounds that induce apoptosis.

Malaria remains a major global health challenge, particularly in sub‐Saharan Africa where Anopheles mosquitoes transmit the Plasmodium parasites. Resistance to insecticides remains an obstacle in spite of the efforts to control malaria vector. The interaction between Plasmodium parasites and mosquito vectors, with a focus on the immunity of mosquitoes and approaches to combat malaria, is examined in this review. This review explores the potential of genetic approaches including CRISPR‐Cas9, Wolbachia , RNA interference (RNAi), and symbiont‐based strategies for the control of malaria vector. The innate immune system of Anopheles mosquitoes that identify, recognize, and limit Plasmodium infection through pathogen recognition receptors, signaling pathways, and effector mechanisms like antimicrobial peptides and melanization is well developed. However, Plasmodium has developed several evasion mechanisms to establish infection. This led to various genetic modification techniques being designed to reduce vector population and transmission. Gene drive such as CRISPR‐Cas9 can introduce genetic alterations to interfere with the transmission of malaria; Wolbachia interferes with vector competence, RNAi‐mediated gene to target relevant genes involved in reproduction and survival. Self‐limiting strategies such as RIDL and pgSIT genetically modified insect releasement to the environment. mosGILT is an emerging immune regulator which has shown relevance in blocking transmission. This review explores the potential of these genetic approaches in malaria vector control efforts, highlighting their advantages and imitations. Further research should explore mosquito immune genes and pathways in developing innovative and acceptable genetic vector control approaches.

Context: Prostate cancer remains a significant global health concern, and understanding the molecular drivers of this disease is crucial for developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3), a member of the SRC family, has emerged as a key player in prostate cancer pathogenesis. Aims: To examine the role of SRC-3 in prostate cancer, encompassing molecular mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic opportunities. Methods: A systematic literature search following PRISMA guidelines was conducted in PubMed, PMC, and other relevant databases to identify studies that investigate SRC-3 in prostate cancer. Results: 785 articles were retrieved from databases using specific keywords and MeSH terms related to SRC-3 and Prostate Cancer. After removing 461 duplicates, 260 articles were excluded based on title and abstract review. Subsequently, a comprehensive screening by three researchers resulted in 47 relevant articles for this systematic review. Evidence suggests that SRC-3 expression correlates with prostate cancer aggressiveness, disease recurrence, and poor patient outcomes. Its potential as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target if explored, offers insights into personalized medicine approaches. Conclusions: SRC-3 plays a pivotal role in prostate cancer, influencing disease progression and clinical outcomes. Understanding the molecular intricacies of SRC-3 in prostate cancer offers new opportunities for precision medicine and innovative therapeutic approaches. This review provides a comprehensive overview of SRC-3's involvement in prostate cancer, emphasizing its clinical relevance and potential as a therapeutic target, ultimately contributing to improved patient care in the era of personalized oncology.

It is known that the application of complex combinations of bioactive compounds made by plants is significantly more effective in medicine than the use of pure bioactive molecules because of advantageous combination interactions ( Liu, 2013 ). Therefore, it is very difficult to research synergistically and antagonistic relationships in great depth because most of the available methodologies were developed for simplifying mixtures and finding particular bioactive compounds. The corpus of research on the combined advantages of bioactive compounds and extracts obtained from plants in science today is critically analyzed in this study. The use of contemporary metabolomics approaches to identify antibacterial adverse or synergistic combinations is highlighted, as the elucidation of strategies for ascertaining logical mechanisms behind their interactions. Studies on mixtures made from medicinal plants typically concentrate on one or two bioactive components (secondary metabolites) or look into the biological effects of intricate mixtures for which the chemical makeup is entirely unimportant ( Acosta-Estrada et al ., 2014 ; Gigante et al ., 2022 ).