Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, and it is characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), as well as the presence of intracellular inclusions with α-synuclein as the main component in surviving DA neurons. Emerging evidence suggests that the imbalance of proteostasis is a key pathogenic factor for PD. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy, two major pathways for maintaining proteostasis, play important roles in PD pathology and are considered as attractive therapeutic targets for PD treatment. However, although ER stress/UPR and autophagy appear to be independent cellular processes, they are closely related to each other. In this review, we focused on the roles and molecular cross-links between ER stress/UPR and autophagy in PD pathology. We systematically reviewed and summarized the most recent advances in regulation of ER stress/UPR and autophagy, and their cross-linking mechanisms. We also reviewed and discussed the mechanisms of the coexisting ER stress/UPR activation and dysregulated autophagy in the lesion regions of PD patients, and the underlying roles and molecular crosslinks between ER stress/UPR activation and the dysregulated autophagy in DA neurodegeneration induced by PD-associated genetic factors and PD-related neurotoxins. Finally, we indicate that the combined regulation of ER stress/UPR and autophagy would be a more effective treatment for PD rather than regulating one of these conditions alone.

：Post-stroke insomnia（PSI）is one of the common complications after stroke and it is a chronic problem and hampers the patient's recovery. Some treatments have been shown to be effective in treating post-stroke insomnia. However, it is not clear which treatment is more effective. In this study, we searched CNKI, PubMed, and Cochrane Library for appropriate keywords with a deadline of October 2022 to select 23 randomized controlled trials（RCTs）. The mean difference between different treatments was assessed and summarized as mean and 95 % confidence interval (CI), resulting in a Bayesian network meta-analysis. By meta-analysis of Bayesian networks, we found acupuncture(MD, −2.49; 95 % CI, [-3.63, −1.31]) and herbal (MD, −2.79; 95 % CI, [-4.9, −0.69]) were significantly better than estazolam in terms of PSQI score change, and the difference was statistically significant. Dexzopiclone, electrics stimulation, rTMS and zopiclone were not statistically significant with other treatments. Herbal, zopiclone, and acupuncture were more effective in improving PSQI scores in patients with post-stroke insomnia, followed by rTMS and dexzopiclone. However, the effectiveness between herbal, zopiclone and acupuncture was not statistically significant. Acupuncture and herbal are promising for the treatment of PSI, and more research remains to be invested.

The morbidity and mortality of neurodegenerative diseases (NNDs) are increasing year by year, but the pathogenesis of the diseases is still unclear and the only currently available treatments are very limited. The aging of the world's population is a serious trend, and the search for new treatments is urgent. The discovery of the microbial-gut-brain axis provides new therapeutic ideas. In this paper, we will describe the current mechanism of the microbial-gut-brain axis, and discuss the feasible solutions for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases by regulating the gut microbiota, in order to provide new ideas for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.