Water molecules play an important role in providing unique environments for biological reactions on cell membranes. It is widely believed that water molecules form bridges that connect lipid molecules and stabilize cell membranes. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we show that translational and rotational diffusion of water molecules on lipid membrane surfaces exhibit subdiffusion and aging. Moreover, we provide evidence that both divergent mean trapping time (continuous-time random walk) and long-correlated noise (fractional Brownian motion) contribute to this subdiffusion. These results suggest that subdiffusion on cell membranes causes the water retardation, an enhancement of cell membrane stability, and a higher reaction efficiency.

Sr ₂ VFeAsO _3−δ remarkably enhances the oxygen evolution reaction by direct O–O bond formation between OH ⁻ coupled oxygen-vacant sites.

Structure of hot dense matter at subnuclear densities is investigated by quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) simulations. We analyze nucleon distributions and nuclear shapes using two-point correlation functions and Minkowski functionals to determine the phase-separation line and to classify the phase of nuclear matter in terms of the nuclear structure. Obtained phase diagrams show that the density of the phase boundaries between the different nuclear structures decreases with increasing temperature due to the thermal expansion of nuclear matter region. The critical temperature for the phase separation is $\gtrsim 6\text{MeV}$ for the proton fraction $x=0.5$ and $\gtrsim 5\text{MeV}$ for $x=0.3$. Our result suggests the existence of “spongelike” phases with negative Euler characteristic in addition to the simple “pasta” phases in supernova cores until $T\lesssim 3\text{MeV}$.