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The environmental conditions of captive hominoid primates can lead to modifications in several aspects of their behavior, including locomotion, which can then alter the morphological characteristics of certain anatomical regions, such as the knee or wrist. We have performed tridimensional geometric morphometrics (3D GM) analyses of the distal radial epiphysis in wild and captive gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans. Our objective was to study the morphology of the insertion sites of the palmar radiocarpal ligaments, since the anatomical characteristics of these insertion sites are closely related to the different types of locomotion of these hominoid primates. We have identified significant differences between the wild and captive specimens that are likely related to their different types of locomotion. Our results indicate that the habitat conditions of captive hominoid primates may cause them to modify their locomotor behavior, leading to a greater use of certain movements in captivity than in the wild and resulting in the anatomical changes we have observed. We suggest that creating more natural environments in zoological facilities could reduce the impact of these differences and also increase the well-being of primates raised in captive environments.
Aroa Casado; Yasmina Avià; Miquel Llorente; David Riba; Juan Pastor; Josep Potau. Effects of Captivity on the Morphology of the Insertion Sites of the Palmar Radiocarpal Ligaments in Hominoid Primates. Animals 2021, 11, 1856 .
AMA StyleAroa Casado, Yasmina Avià, Miquel Llorente, David Riba, Juan Pastor, Josep Potau. Effects of Captivity on the Morphology of the Insertion Sites of the Palmar Radiocarpal Ligaments in Hominoid Primates. Animals. 2021; 11 (7):1856.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAroa Casado; Yasmina Avià; Miquel Llorente; David Riba; Juan Pastor; Josep Potau. 2021. "Effects of Captivity on the Morphology of the Insertion Sites of the Palmar Radiocarpal Ligaments in Hominoid Primates." Animals 11, no. 7: 1856.
Right-handedness in humans reflects the functional brain specialisation of the left hemisphere. To better understand the origins of this population-level tendency, it is crucial to understand manual lateralisation in other non-human primate species. The aim of this article is to present a first approach to the hand preference of two primates from Vietnam, the endangered hatinh langur (Trachypithecus hatinhensis) and the critically endangered grey-shanked douc langur (Pygathrix cinerea). Eighteen individuals from each species (N = 36) were evaluated by means of the bimanual coordinated tube task and their responses were recorded in terms of manual events and bouts. Our results showed that subjects presented strong individual-level preferences but not lateralisation at the group-level. No sex differences were detected within species. The index finger was used in all of the extractions during this bimanual task, alone (86 %) or in combination with other fingers (14 %). In addition, hatinh langurs exhibited a greater strength of hand preferences than grey-shanked douc langurs, pointing to a possible higher manual specialisation during the leaf-eating process. These findings help to broaden our scarce knowledge of manual laterality in Asian colobine monkeys and confirm the bimanual tube task as a sensitive measure for assessing manual laterality in non-human primates.
Martina Cubí; Miquel Llorente. Hand preference for a bimanual coordinated task in captive hatinh langurs (Trachypithecus hatinhensis) and grey-shanked douc langurs (Pygathrix cinerea). Behavioural Processes 2021, 187, 104393 .
AMA StyleMartina Cubí, Miquel Llorente. Hand preference for a bimanual coordinated task in captive hatinh langurs (Trachypithecus hatinhensis) and grey-shanked douc langurs (Pygathrix cinerea). Behavioural Processes. 2021; 187 ():104393.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Cubí; Miquel Llorente. 2021. "Hand preference for a bimanual coordinated task in captive hatinh langurs (Trachypithecus hatinhensis) and grey-shanked douc langurs (Pygathrix cinerea)." Behavioural Processes 187, no. : 104393.
Traditionally, primate cognition research has been conducted by independent teams on small populations of a few species. Such limited variation and small sample sizes pose problems that prevent us from reconstructing the evolutionary history of primate cognition. In this chapter, we discuss how large-scale collaboration, a research model successfully implemented in other fields, makes it possible to obtain the large and diverse datasets needed to conduct robust comparative analysis of primate cognitive abilities. We discuss the advantages and challenges of large-scale collaborations and argue for the need for more open science practices in the field. We describe these collaborative projects in psychology and primatology and introduce ManyPrimates as the first, successful collaboration that has established an infrastructure for large-scale, inclusive research in primate cognition. Considering examples of large-scale collaborations both in primatology and psychology, we conclude that this type of research model is feasible and has the potential to address otherwise unattainable questions in primate cognition.
Many Primates; Drew Altschul; Manuel Bohn; Charlotte Canteloup; Sonja Ebel; Daniel Hanus; R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar; Marine Joly; Stefanie Keupp; Chris Petkov; Miquel Llorente; Cathal O'Madagain; Darby Proctor; Alba Motes Rodrigo; Kirsten Sutherland; Anna Szabelska; Derry Taylor; Christoph Völter; Nicolás G. Wiggenhauser. Collaboration and Open Science Initiatives in Primate Research. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMany Primates, Drew Altschul, Manuel Bohn, Charlotte Canteloup, Sonja Ebel, Daniel Hanus, R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, Marine Joly, Stefanie Keupp, Chris Petkov, Miquel Llorente, Cathal O'Madagain, Darby Proctor, Alba Motes Rodrigo, Kirsten Sutherland, Anna Szabelska, Derry Taylor, Christoph Völter, Nicolás G. Wiggenhauser. Collaboration and Open Science Initiatives in Primate Research. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMany Primates; Drew Altschul; Manuel Bohn; Charlotte Canteloup; Sonja Ebel; Daniel Hanus; R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar; Marine Joly; Stefanie Keupp; Chris Petkov; Miquel Llorente; Cathal O'Madagain; Darby Proctor; Alba Motes Rodrigo; Kirsten Sutherland; Anna Szabelska; Derry Taylor; Christoph Völter; Nicolás G. Wiggenhauser. 2021. "Collaboration and Open Science Initiatives in Primate Research." , no. : 1.
Questionnaires are very useful tools when it comes to assessing zoo based animal measures and caretakers of these animals (such as keepers, trainers and veterinarians) are in the best position to provide accurate answers to these assessments. Our goal was (a) to empirically demonstrate the utility of a welfare questionnaire and (b) to examine the relationship between three constructs: personality, subjective well-being and welfare ratings, in a sample of killer whales (Orcinus orca) (n = 26). For this purpose, we applied the 4-factor personality structure previously applied to the species, a 4-item subjective well-being questionnaire, and we designed and applied a 39-item welfare questionnaire. The welfare questionnaire was composed by positive and negative welfare indicators related to social and environmental interactions, physical health condition, presence of species-typical and stereotypical behaviors, the capacity to accept situations, and relationships with conspecifics and humans, among others. Each killer whale was rated by an average of 12.5 raters. The mean interrater reliability for subjective well-being and welfare questionnaires was high, and the Principal Components Analysis and the Regularized Exploratory Factor Analysis, revealed one and six factors, respectively. We found some correlations among the three constructs, for instance, Extraversion (r = 0.62, 95% CI 0.02−0.06) and Dominance (r = 0.61, 95 % CI 0.03−0.09) were associated to the subjective well-being factor, while subjective well-being was negatively associated with the Abnormal (r = -0.73, 95 % CI −0.13 to −0.06) and Nervousness (r = -0.66, 95 % CI 0.06−0.17) welfare factors, among others. The welfare questionnaire showed reliable and valid results. Thus, our research represents the first empirical evidence of the utility of assessing the welfare of cetaceans through the use of a multi-trait questionnaire. Therefore, facilities housing cetaceans could use welfare questionnaires to gradually monitor welfare and to intervene if needed. Finally, some of the correlations found closely resembled previous correlations found in primates, which could indicate a possible evolutionary convergence between Orders.
Yulán Úbeda; Sara Ortín; Todd R. Robeck; Miquel Llorente; Javier Almunia. Personality of killer whales (Orcinus orca) is related to welfare and subjective well-being. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2021, 237, 105297 .
AMA StyleYulán Úbeda, Sara Ortín, Todd R. Robeck, Miquel Llorente, Javier Almunia. Personality of killer whales (Orcinus orca) is related to welfare and subjective well-being. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2021; 237 ():105297.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYulán Úbeda; Sara Ortín; Todd R. Robeck; Miquel Llorente; Javier Almunia. 2021. "Personality of killer whales (Orcinus orca) is related to welfare and subjective well-being." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 237, no. : 105297.
Brain hemispheres have different functions and control the movements of the contralateral side of the body. One of these functions is processing emotions. The right hemisphere hypothesis suggests that the right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for emotional processing, so the left side of the body is activated in emotive contexts such as social interactions. In contrast, the valence hypothesis proposes that both hemispheres are involved in emotional processing, with the left hemisphere processing positive emotions and the right hemisphere negative emotions. We investigated whether and how interaction with inanimate and animate targets affected manual laterality in 12 zoo-housed Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). We focused on the direction and the strength of hand preference and tested the effect of social rank on lateralization. We used continuous focal animal sampling to record bouts of hand preference when interacting with inanimate targets (fourteen 15-min samples) and animate targets (during social and self-directed behaviors, fourteen 2-h morning samples and 14 90-min afternoon samples) and recorded social interactions to measure rank. At the individual level, six of nine lateralized macaques were significantly right-handed when interacting with inanimate targets, whereas only three subjects showed a significant (right) lateralization when interacting with animate targets. Thus, inanimate targets seem to elicit manual laterality to a greater extent than animate targets. At the group level, we found no hand preference for actions directed toward inanimate or animate targets in general but we found a right-hand bias for affiliative behaviors. There was no effect of social rank on lateralization. Despite the limitations of a small sample size, our results suggest that both hemispheres influence hand preference during social interactions, supporting the valence hypothesis.
Marzia Baldachini; Barbara Regaiolli; Miquel Llorente; David Riba; Caterina Spiezio. The Influence of Target Animacy and Social Rank on Hand Preference in Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus). International Journal of Primatology 2021, 1 -16.
AMA StyleMarzia Baldachini, Barbara Regaiolli, Miquel Llorente, David Riba, Caterina Spiezio. The Influence of Target Animacy and Social Rank on Hand Preference in Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus). International Journal of Primatology. 2021; ():1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarzia Baldachini; Barbara Regaiolli; Miquel Llorente; David Riba; Caterina Spiezio. 2021. "The Influence of Target Animacy and Social Rank on Hand Preference in Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus)." International Journal of Primatology , no. : 1-16.
Advances in the field of social network analysis facilitate the creation of multiplex networks where several interaction types can be analysed simultaneously. In order to test the potential benefits of this approach, we investigated the sociability of atypically raised chimpanzees by constructing and analysing 4-layered multiplex networks of two groups of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). These networks are based on four social interaction types (stationary vicinity, affiliative behaviour, allogrooming, passive close proximity) representing low- to high-level interaction types in terms of sociability. Using the tools provided by the MuxViz software, we could assess and compare the similarity and information gain of each these social interaction types. We found some social interaction types to be more similar than other ones. However, each social interaction type imparted different information. We also tested for a possible impact of the chimpanzees’ biographical background on the social interaction types and found affiliative behaviour as well as allogrooming to be affected by adverse early life experiences. We conclude that this multiplex approach provides a more realistic framework giving detailed insight into the sociability of these chimpanzees and can function as a tool to support captive care management decisions.
Dietmar Crailsheim; Toni Romani; Miquel Llorente; Elfriede Kalcher-Sommersguter. Assessing the sociability of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees by using multiplex networks. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -16.
AMA StyleDietmar Crailsheim, Toni Romani, Miquel Llorente, Elfriede Kalcher-Sommersguter. Assessing the sociability of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees by using multiplex networks. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDietmar Crailsheim; Toni Romani; Miquel Llorente; Elfriede Kalcher-Sommersguter. 2020. "Assessing the sociability of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees by using multiplex networks." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-16.
The diagnosis of psychopathologies in nonhuman primates has received increasing interest in the last decade. However, only a limited number of categories of pathology have been diagnosed in some chimpanzees exclusively by using adapted versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). With this in mind, we have created a questionnaire for the assessment of psychopathologies in twenty-three rescued ex-performer and ex-pet chimpanzees, based on an inclusion-exclusion adaptation of the 5th Edition of the DSM. A total of 70 items were retained for the Chimpanzee Psychopathology Questionnaire (CPQ), according to three main criteria: deleting those that could not be applied to the subjects, retaining those that could be applied and adapted when needed. Principal components analysis and regularized exploratory factor analysis revealed nine statistically significant factors with acceptable standards of interrater reliability and validity, accounting for 70.78 % of the variance. The factors obtained were clear and similar to some of the main categories of diagnosis for humans. Nevertheless, the limitation of the sample, the subjectivity in the creation of the questionnaire, as well as the theoretical and methodological challenges of the adaptation of the DSM to chimpanzees, led to the fact that the this research should be considered as a first contact study on the identification of disorder categories in a group of chimpanzees. The main purpose of this study is to start a debate in order to promote research on psychopathology in chimpanzees and other animals. Likewise, it is important to emphasize that the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in chimpanzees could be translated to important pragmatic aspects for the species related to awareness, legal implications, welfare and comparative psychopathology.
Yulán Úbeda; Jaume Fatjó; Carles Rostán; Dietmar Crailsheim; Alba Gomara; Javier Almunia; Miquel Llorente. A preliminary investigation on the evaluation of psychopathologies in a group of ex-pet and ex-performer chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): A rating approach based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Journal of Veterinary Behavior 2020, 41, 52 -64.
AMA StyleYulán Úbeda, Jaume Fatjó, Carles Rostán, Dietmar Crailsheim, Alba Gomara, Javier Almunia, Miquel Llorente. A preliminary investigation on the evaluation of psychopathologies in a group of ex-pet and ex-performer chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): A rating approach based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2020; 41 ():52-64.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYulán Úbeda; Jaume Fatjó; Carles Rostán; Dietmar Crailsheim; Alba Gomara; Javier Almunia; Miquel Llorente. 2020. "A preliminary investigation on the evaluation of psychopathologies in a group of ex-pet and ex-performer chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): A rating approach based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 41, no. : 52-64.
Play is widespread across mammalian taxa, but species strongly vary in the ways they play. In less despotic primate species (i.e., with less steep dominance hierarchies, less severe conflicts, and more reconciliation), play has been described as being more frequent, cooperative, and freely expressed. To study the link between social play and dominance style, we compared play behavior in free‐ranging infants, juveniles and subadults of more despotic Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata, N = 24) and less despotic moor macaques (Macaca maura, N = 17). We found interspecific differences in play behavior that corresponded with the contrasting dominance styles of the study species, largely confirming our predictions. In particular, moor macaques spent a larger proportion of time in solitary and social play than Japanese macaques, while Japanese macaques spent a larger proportion of time in grooming interactions. In moor macaques, play sessions included more players, a larger variety of play behaviors, greater play face rates, a greater proportion of time in contact play, and a higher rate of reciprocal play‐biting than in Japanese macaques. Aggressive escalations were not common, but more frequent in Japanese macaques. Finally, a higher frequency of play faces during play sessions predicted the occurrence of more reciprocal play‐bites, but not the proportion of time spent in contact play behaviors. Additional studies on other groups and species will allow a better understanding of the link between dominance style and social play.
Víctor Beltrán Francés; Alba Castellano‐Navarro; Risma Illa Maulany; Putu O. Ngakan; Andrew J. J. MacIntosh; Miquel Llorente; Federica Amici. Play behavior in immature moor macaques ( Macaca maura ) and Japanese macaques ( Macaca fuscata ). American Journal of Primatology 2020, 82, 1 .
AMA StyleVíctor Beltrán Francés, Alba Castellano‐Navarro, Risma Illa Maulany, Putu O. Ngakan, Andrew J. J. MacIntosh, Miquel Llorente, Federica Amici. Play behavior in immature moor macaques ( Macaca maura ) and Japanese macaques ( Macaca fuscata ). American Journal of Primatology. 2020; 82 (10):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVíctor Beltrán Francés; Alba Castellano‐Navarro; Risma Illa Maulany; Putu O. Ngakan; Andrew J. J. MacIntosh; Miquel Llorente; Federica Amici. 2020. "Play behavior in immature moor macaques ( Macaca maura ) and Japanese macaques ( Macaca fuscata )." American Journal of Primatology 82, no. 10: 1.
Personality has been linked to individual variation in interest and performance in cognitive tasks. Nevertheless, this relationship is still poorly understood and has rarely been considered in animal cognition research. Here, we investigated the association between personality and interest, motivation and task performance in 13 sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) housed at Fundació Mona (Spain). Personality was assessed with a 12-item questionnaire based on Eysenck’s Psychoticism-Extraversion-Neuroticism model completed by familiar keepers and researchers. Additionally, personality ratings were compared to behavioral observations conducted over an 11-year period. Experimental tasks consisted in several puzzle boxes that needed to be manipulated in order to obtain a food reward. Dependent variables included participation (as an indicator of interest), success and latency (as measures of performance), and losing contact with the task (as an indicator of motivation). As predicted, we obtained significant correlations between Eysenck’s personality traits and observed behaviors, although some expected associations were absent. We then analyzed data using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, running a model for each dependent variable. In both sexes, lower Extraversion and lower Dominance were linked to a higher probability of success, but this effect was stronger in females. Furthermore, higher Neuropsychoticism predicted higher probability of success in females, but not in males. The probability of losing contact with the task was higher in young chimpanzees, and in those rated lower on Extraversion and higher on Dominance. Additionally, chimpanzees rated higher on Neuropsychoticism were also more likely to stop interacting with the task, but again this was more evident in females. Participation and latency were not linked to any personality trait. Our findings show that the PEN may be a good model to describe chimpanzee personality, and stress the importance of considering personality when interpreting the results of cognitive research in non-human primates.
Maria Padrell; David Riba; Yulán Úbeda; Federica Amici; Miquel Llorente. Personality, cognition and behavior in chimpanzees: a new approach based on Eysenck’s model. PeerJ 2020, 8, e9707 .
AMA StyleMaria Padrell, David Riba, Yulán Úbeda, Federica Amici, Miquel Llorente. Personality, cognition and behavior in chimpanzees: a new approach based on Eysenck’s model. PeerJ. 2020; 8 ():e9707.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Padrell; David Riba; Yulán Úbeda; Federica Amici; Miquel Llorente. 2020. "Personality, cognition and behavior in chimpanzees: a new approach based on Eysenck’s model." PeerJ 8, no. : e9707.
Episodic memory is the ability to recollect specific past events belonging to our personal experience, and it is one of the most crucial human abilities, allowing us to mentally travel through time. In animals, however, evidence of what-where-when memory (hereafter, WWW memory) is limited to very few taxa, mostly reflecting the socioecological challenges faced in their environment. In this article, we aimed to replicate 2 studies previously conducted on birds and primates to find convincing evidence of WWW memory in great apes. For this purpose, we tested 12 captive great apes in 3 different tasks. In Task 1, we tested whether great apes take into account temporal information when choosing between highly preferred perishable and less-preferred nonperishable food items. In Task 2, we tested whether great apes can differentiate between similar events having happened at different times in the past. Finally, in Task 3, we tested whether great apes can use their memory flexibly, incorporating novel information in their memories. In none of the tasks did our subjects make the correct choice significantly above chance, with performance further declining when subjects were presented with 2 events (Task 2). Moreover, none of them could reliably integrate novel information into their memories. Overall, our study casts doubt on the existence of WWW memory in great apes, and especially calls for more caution when using WWW memory tasks and interpreting their results. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Jordi Pladevall; Natacha Mendes; David Riba; Miquel Llorente; Federica Amici. No evidence of what-where-when memory in great apes (Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Pongo abelii, and Gorilla gorilla). Journal of Comparative Psychology 2020, 134, 252 -261.
AMA StyleJordi Pladevall, Natacha Mendes, David Riba, Miquel Llorente, Federica Amici. No evidence of what-where-when memory in great apes (Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Pongo abelii, and Gorilla gorilla). Journal of Comparative Psychology. 2020; 134 (2):252-261.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJordi Pladevall; Natacha Mendes; David Riba; Miquel Llorente; Federica Amici. 2020. "No evidence of what-where-when memory in great apes (Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Pongo abelii, and Gorilla gorilla)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 134, no. 2: 252-261.
The long-term effects of early life adversities on social capacities have been documented in humans and wild-caught former laboratory chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). However, former pet and entertainment chimpanzees have received little attention to date. This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of early life experience on 18 former pet and entertainment chimpanzees, based on social grooming data collected at a primate rescue centre over a 12-year period. Moreover, we also focused on the possible short-term effects that alterations to group composition might have on grooming patterns. For this purpose, we compared stable and unstable periods (i.e. where alterations to group composition occurred). We used two individual social network measures to analyse the grooming activity and the distribution of grooming among group mates for each individual. We could show that wild-caught chimpanzees were significantly more selective regarding their grooming partners and spent less time grooming when compared to their captive born companions. We also found that individuals who were predominantly housed without conspecifics during infancy spent less time grooming compared to those who were predominantly housed with conspecifics during infancy. Furthermore, we found that alterations to the group composition had short-term effects on the distribution of social grooming from a more equal distribution during periods with a stable group composition towards a more unequal and selective distribution during unstable periods. Thus, we conclude that the social grooming networks of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees are shaped not only by long-term effects such as early life experience, but also by short-term effects such as alterations to group composition. Remarkably, we found not only captive born chimpanzees but also wild-caught individuals to adjust their grooming to socially challenging situations by modifying their grooming distribution in a similar way.
Dietmar Crailsheim; Hans Peter Stüger; Elfriede Kalcher-Sommersguter; Miquel Llorente. Early life experience and alterations of group composition shape the social grooming networks of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0226947 .
AMA StyleDietmar Crailsheim, Hans Peter Stüger, Elfriede Kalcher-Sommersguter, Miquel Llorente. Early life experience and alterations of group composition shape the social grooming networks of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (1):e0226947.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDietmar Crailsheim; Hans Peter Stüger; Elfriede Kalcher-Sommersguter; Miquel Llorente. 2020. "Early life experience and alterations of group composition shape the social grooming networks of former pet and entertainment chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)." PLOS ONE 15, no. 1: e0226947.
Access to food is of major importance to the fitness and survival of every individual, particularly in group‐living animals, in which individual characteristics and food distribution can affect food intake. Additionally, several species of primates are known to share food under certain conditions. Such unresisted transfer of food from one individual to another appears to be adaptive, for instance as a tool to maintain and reinforce social bonds. In this study, we aimed to test how food retrieval and food sharing varies depending on the social relationship between individuals, and on the characteristics of the food. In six different test conditions, we provided a captive group of Guinea baboons (Papio papio, N = 23) with multiple food items, differing in quality, quantity, density, monopolizability, and effort required to obtain it. We further used behavioral observations to assess individual relationships and possible variations in grooming exchanges linked to food sharing events. Out of 424 events in which food items were retrieved by the subjects, we detected no instances of active food sharing and only 17 of passive food sharing. The way food was retrieved was affected by individual and food characteristics (i.e., quantity, quality, and monopolizability of food): Males and central individuals (i.e., those connected to many partners, and/or having partners with many connections in the social network) were more likely to retrieve food during test conditions. In particular, events of passive food sharing mostly happened when the quality of food was low, and between individuals belonging to the same community (i.e., having close relationships). No other food characteristics affected the probability to share food, and the occurrence of food sharing had no immediate effect on grooming exchanges. Overall, our findings suggest that food sharing is relatively rare in Guinea baboons unless the food has a low quality and individuals form close social bonds.
Fabrizio Dell'Anna; Miquel Llorente; Brigitte Weiß; Lorenzo Von Fersen; Federica Amici. The effect of individual and food characteristics on food retrieval and food sharing in captive Guinea baboons ( Papio papio ). American Journal of Primatology 2019, 82, 1 .
AMA StyleFabrizio Dell'Anna, Miquel Llorente, Brigitte Weiß, Lorenzo Von Fersen, Federica Amici. The effect of individual and food characteristics on food retrieval and food sharing in captive Guinea baboons ( Papio papio ). American Journal of Primatology. 2019; 82 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFabrizio Dell'Anna; Miquel Llorente; Brigitte Weiß; Lorenzo Von Fersen; Federica Amici. 2019. "The effect of individual and food characteristics on food retrieval and food sharing in captive Guinea baboons ( Papio papio )." American Journal of Primatology 82, no. 1: 1.
Longitudinal research on manual preferences in humans and non-human primates has mainly been conducted from a developmental perspective, with only a few studies exploring long-term stability of this trait during adulthood. Therefore, we investigated short-term (1 year) and long-term (10 and 11 years) consistency of hand preference in a naturalistic group of 19 juvenile and adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) by using two experimental tasks, one unimanual (simple reaching) and one bimanual (tube task). The experimental sessions were conducted in 2007, 2008 and 2018. We found that the direction of hand preference (right vs. left) in the tube task remained stable after both short-time and long-time periods. Conversely, hand preference direction for simple reaching was not consistent after the longest period (11 years), but the handedness indices (HI) between 2007 and 2008 (1-year period) and between 2008 and 2018 (10-year period) were positively correlated. The comparison between tasks confirmed that all the chimpanzees were more strongly lateralised for the tube task. Interestingly, however, the strength of hand preference in the tube task showed an increasing trend in the long term. We hypothesize that this could be a consequence of practice and experience with a particular motor action.
Maria Padrell; Carlos Gómez Martínez; Miquel Llorente. Short and long-term temporal consistency of hand preference in sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) for unimanual and bimanual coordinated tasks. Behavioural Processes 2019, 167, 103911 .
AMA StyleMaria Padrell, Carlos Gómez Martínez, Miquel Llorente. Short and long-term temporal consistency of hand preference in sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) for unimanual and bimanual coordinated tasks. Behavioural Processes. 2019; 167 ():103911.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Padrell; Carlos Gómez Martínez; Miquel Llorente. 2019. "Short and long-term temporal consistency of hand preference in sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) for unimanual and bimanual coordinated tasks." Behavioural Processes 167, no. : 103911.
The question of ‘if and how captive primates are affected by visitors’ has gained increasing attention over the last decades. Although the majority reported undesirable effects on behavior and wellbeing, many studies reported contradicting results. Most of these studies were conducted at zoos, typically with little or no control over visitors’ actions. Yet little is known about the impact under very controlled visitor conditions. In order to fill this gap, we conducted this study at a primate sanctuary which allows public access only via a guided visit under strict supervision. We observed 14 chimpanzees, recording their behavior during, after and in the absence of guided visits over a 10-month period. Furthermore, we categorized the visitors regarding group size and composition to see if certain group types would produce a stronger impact on the chimpanzees’ behavior. As expected, we found visitors at the sanctuary to produce only a neutral impact on the chimpanzees’ behavior, detecting a slight increase of locomotion and decrease of inactivity during visitor activities with chimpanzees demonstrating more interest towards larger sized groups. We argue that the impact has been greatly mitigated by the strict visitor restrictions and care strategies allowing chimpanzees a certain control regarding their visibility.
Jana López-Álvarez; Yaiza Sanjorge; Sara Soloaga; Dietmar Crailsheim; Miquel Llorente. Looking for Visitor’s Effect in Sanctuaries: Implications of Guided Visitor Groups on the Behavior of the Chimpanzees at Fundació Mona. Animals 2019, 9, 347 .
AMA StyleJana López-Álvarez, Yaiza Sanjorge, Sara Soloaga, Dietmar Crailsheim, Miquel Llorente. Looking for Visitor’s Effect in Sanctuaries: Implications of Guided Visitor Groups on the Behavior of the Chimpanzees at Fundació Mona. Animals. 2019; 9 (6):347.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJana López-Álvarez; Yaiza Sanjorge; Sara Soloaga; Dietmar Crailsheim; Miquel Llorente. 2019. "Looking for Visitor’s Effect in Sanctuaries: Implications of Guided Visitor Groups on the Behavior of the Chimpanzees at Fundació Mona." Animals 9, no. 6: 347.
The comparative study of animal personality has received great interest in recent years. Some studies have analyzed personalities in cetaceans (exclusively in dolphins), but none have analyzed the factorial structure of personality of any species in this order. Our objective was to evaluate a sample of captive killer whales (n = 24) adapting one of the most widely used models of personality in humans and nonhuman animals: the five-factor model. A total of 38 personality descriptive adjectives were rated by 55 raters (mainly trainers and curators). Principal components analysis and regularized exploratory factor analysis revealed four statistically significant factors with acceptable standards of interrater reliability and validity, accounting for 49.85% of the variance. The first factor indicated an Extraversion factor, the second one revealed a combined factor of Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, the third one yielded in a Dominance factor, and the fourth one reflected a Careful factor very close to a combination of Conscientiousness and Agreeableness factor. The results were compared with the results obtained for humans and chimpanzees in prior studies. The similarities could be explained as a result of convergent adaptive traits despite a deep evolutionary divergence, adaptation to physically dissimilar environments, and very different neuroanatomical organization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Yulán Úbeda; Sara Ortín; Judy St. Leger; Miquel Llorente; Javier Almunia. Personality in captive killer whales (Orcinus orca): A rating approach based on the five-factor model. Journal of Comparative Psychology 2019, 133, 252 -261.
AMA StyleYulán Úbeda, Sara Ortín, Judy St. Leger, Miquel Llorente, Javier Almunia. Personality in captive killer whales (Orcinus orca): A rating approach based on the five-factor model. Journal of Comparative Psychology. 2019; 133 (2):252-261.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYulán Úbeda; Sara Ortín; Judy St. Leger; Miquel Llorente; Javier Almunia. 2019. "Personality in captive killer whales (Orcinus orca): A rating approach based on the five-factor model." Journal of Comparative Psychology 133, no. 2: 252-261.
More data are needed for a better understanding of the long‐term influence of wider and combined stressful events in chimpanzee personality development. We evaluated the effects of bushmeat trade outcomes on the personality development in 84 African sanctuary chimpanzees. The chimpanzees presented different backgrounds regarding maternal care, social exposure, and abuse. We evaluated personality traits in chimpanzees using the Cattell 16PF personality questionnaire, the first application of this questionnaire in this species. We found that chimpanzees were rated as higher in anxiety after long social deprivation during infancy and juvenility, and if high human exposure was experienced. Mother‐reared chimpanzees were rated as lower in restraint than hand‐reared chimpanzees. Finally, mother‐reared chimpanzees were rated as less dominant than hand‐reared chimpanzees and rated higher when they had experienced severe mistreatment. Results suggest a wide range of possible stressful events could be potentially shaping rescued chimpanzees’ personality and demonstrating the detrimental outcomes and consequences of the bushmeat and pet trade.
Sara Ortín; Yulán Úbeda; Rosa M. Garriga; Miquel Llorente. Bushmeat trade consequences predict higher anxiety, restraint, and dominance in chimpanzees. Developmental Psychobiology 2019, 61, 874 -887.
AMA StyleSara Ortín, Yulán Úbeda, Rosa M. Garriga, Miquel Llorente. Bushmeat trade consequences predict higher anxiety, restraint, and dominance in chimpanzees. Developmental Psychobiology. 2019; 61 (6):874-887.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Ortín; Yulán Úbeda; Rosa M. Garriga; Miquel Llorente. 2019. "Bushmeat trade consequences predict higher anxiety, restraint, and dominance in chimpanzees." Developmental Psychobiology 61, no. 6: 874-887.
A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
Manuel Solis-Moruno; Marc De Manuel; Jessica Hernandez-Rodriguez; Claudia Fontsere; Alba Gomara-Castaño; Cristina Valsera-Naranjo; Dietmar Crailsheim; Arcadi Navarro; Miquel Llorente; Laura Riera; Olga Feliu-Olleta; Tomas Marques-Bonet. Author Correction: Potential damaging mutation in LRP5 from genome sequencing of the first reported chimpanzee with the Chiari malformation. Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 7437 .
AMA StyleManuel Solis-Moruno, Marc De Manuel, Jessica Hernandez-Rodriguez, Claudia Fontsere, Alba Gomara-Castaño, Cristina Valsera-Naranjo, Dietmar Crailsheim, Arcadi Navarro, Miquel Llorente, Laura Riera, Olga Feliu-Olleta, Tomas Marques-Bonet. Author Correction: Potential damaging mutation in LRP5 from genome sequencing of the first reported chimpanzee with the Chiari malformation. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8 (1):7437.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuel Solis-Moruno; Marc De Manuel; Jessica Hernandez-Rodriguez; Claudia Fontsere; Alba Gomara-Castaño; Cristina Valsera-Naranjo; Dietmar Crailsheim; Arcadi Navarro; Miquel Llorente; Laura Riera; Olga Feliu-Olleta; Tomas Marques-Bonet. 2018. "Author Correction: Potential damaging mutation in LRP5 from genome sequencing of the first reported chimpanzee with the Chiari malformation." Scientific Reports 8, no. 1: 7437.
The genus Pan is the closest related to humans (Homo sapiens) and it includes two species: Pan troglodytes (chimpanzees) and Pan paniscus (bonobos). Different characteristics, some of biomedical aspect, separate them from us. For instance, some common human medical conditions are rare in chimpanzees (menopause, Alzheimer disease) although it is unclear to which extent longevity plays an active role in these differences. However, both humans and chimpanzees present similar pathologies, thus, understanding traits in chimpanzees can help unravel the molecular basis of human conditions. Here, we sequenced the genome of Nico, a central chimpanzee diagnosed with a particular biomedical condition, the Chiari malformation. We performed a variant calling analysis comparing his genome to 25 whole genomes from healthy individuals (bonobos and chimpanzees), and after predicting the effects of the genetic variants, we looked for genes within the OMIM database. We found a novel, private, predicted as damaging mutation in Nico in LRP5, a gene related to bone density alteration pathologies, and we suggest a link between this mutation and his Chiari malformation as previously shown in humans. Our results reinforce the idea that a comparison between humans and chimpanzees can be established in this genetic frame of common diseases.
Manuel Solis-Moruno; Marc De Manuel; Jessica Hernandez-Rodriguez; Claudia Fontsere; Alba Gomara-Castaño; Cristina Valsera-Naranjo; Dietmar Crailsheim; Arcadi Navarro; Miquel Llorente; Laura Riera; Olga Feliu-Olleta; Tomas Marques-Bonet. Potential damaging mutation in LRP5 from genome sequencing of the first reported chimpanzee with the Chiari malformation. Scientific Reports 2017, 7, 15224 .
AMA StyleManuel Solis-Moruno, Marc De Manuel, Jessica Hernandez-Rodriguez, Claudia Fontsere, Alba Gomara-Castaño, Cristina Valsera-Naranjo, Dietmar Crailsheim, Arcadi Navarro, Miquel Llorente, Laura Riera, Olga Feliu-Olleta, Tomas Marques-Bonet. Potential damaging mutation in LRP5 from genome sequencing of the first reported chimpanzee with the Chiari malformation. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7 (1):15224.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuel Solis-Moruno; Marc De Manuel; Jessica Hernandez-Rodriguez; Claudia Fontsere; Alba Gomara-Castaño; Cristina Valsera-Naranjo; Dietmar Crailsheim; Arcadi Navarro; Miquel Llorente; Laura Riera; Olga Feliu-Olleta; Tomas Marques-Bonet. 2017. "Potential damaging mutation in LRP5 from genome sequencing of the first reported chimpanzee with the Chiari malformation." Scientific Reports 7, no. 1: 15224.
The 2011 European Union Zoo Inquiry presented evidence that most zoos fail to achieve adequate levels of nonhuman animal welfare. Appropriate environmental enrichment (EE) can play a role in the promotion of welfare. However, financial and staff constraints frequently make it challenging to implement EE on a daily basis. The aim of this study was to test how individuals of three different nonhuman primate species at the Maia Zoo in Portugal (white-handed gibbons, Hylobates lar; Mona monkeys, Cercopithecus mona; and brown lemurs, Eulemur fulvus) reacted to EE devices. Another aim was to investigate whether simple, inexpensive devices can have positive outcomes for animal welfare. The results showed that all individuals reacted to the EE intervention, but individual responses to the EE devices differed. EE devices had consistently positive effects for all three species as demonstrated by an increase in the expression of natural behaviors and a general decrease in abnormal behaviors (46% compared with baseline). This study demonstrates that it is important to simultaneously test multiple individuals from different species in different situations to evaluate the effectiveness of EE.
R. Costa; C. Sousa; M. Llorente. Assessment of environmental enrichment for different primate species under low budget: A case study. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 2017, 21, 185 -199.
AMA StyleR. Costa, C. Sousa, M. Llorente. Assessment of environmental enrichment for different primate species under low budget: A case study. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 2017; 21 (2):185-199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Costa; C. Sousa; M. Llorente. 2017. "Assessment of environmental enrichment for different primate species under low budget: A case study." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 21, no. 2: 185-199.
Lauren M. Robinson; Drew M. Altschul; Emma K. Wallace; Yulán Úbeda; Miquel Llorente; Zarin Machanda; Katie E. Slocombe; Matthew C. Leach; Natalie K. Waran; Alexander Weiss. Chimpanzees with positive welfare are happier, extraverted, and emotionally stable. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2017, 191, 90 -97.
AMA StyleLauren M. Robinson, Drew M. Altschul, Emma K. Wallace, Yulán Úbeda, Miquel Llorente, Zarin Machanda, Katie E. Slocombe, Matthew C. Leach, Natalie K. Waran, Alexander Weiss. Chimpanzees with positive welfare are happier, extraverted, and emotionally stable. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2017; 191 ():90-97.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLauren M. Robinson; Drew M. Altschul; Emma K. Wallace; Yulán Úbeda; Miquel Llorente; Zarin Machanda; Katie E. Slocombe; Matthew C. Leach; Natalie K. Waran; Alexander Weiss. 2017. "Chimpanzees with positive welfare are happier, extraverted, and emotionally stable." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 191, no. : 90-97.