Cellular interactions within the bone marrow microenvironment modulate the properties of subsets of leukemic cells leading to the development of drug-resistant phenotypes. The intercellular transfer of proteins and organelles contributes to this process but the set of transferred proteins and their effects in the receiving cells remain unclear. This study aimed to detect the intercellular protein transfer from mouse bone marrow stromal cells (OP9 cell line) to human T-lymphoblasts (CCRF-CEM cell line) using nanoLC-MS/MS-based shotgun proteomics in a 3D co-culture system. After 24 h of co-culture, 1513 and 67 proteins from human and mouse origin, respectively, were identified in CCRF-CEM cells. The presence of mouse proteins in the human cell line, detected by analyzing the differences in amino acid sequences of orthologous peptides, was interpreted as the result of intercellular transfer. The transferred proteins might have contributed to the observed resistance to vincristine, methotrexate, and hydrogen peroxide in the co-cultured leukemic cells. Our results suggest that shotgun proteomic analyses of co-cultured cells from different species could be a simple option to get a preliminary survey of the proteins exchanged among interacting cells.

The food and cosmetics industries are showing increasing scientific interest in plant-based bioactive compounds, positioning rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) as a high-value source of phytochemicals with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. This review analyzes the principal methods used to extract rosemary bioactive metabolites, comparing conventional techniques with emerging approaches in terms of extraction efficiency, sustainability, and preservation of bioactive compounds. The discussion covers hydrodistillation, steam distillation, Soxhlet extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, as well as emerging technologies such as ultrasound, microwave, pulsed electric field, enzyme-assisted extraction, and deep eutectic solvents. Particular attention is given to how extraction strategies influence the recovery and stability of major compounds, including carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid, 1,8-cineole, and α-pinene, considering their different physicochemical properties. Overall, emerging technologies may improve extraction yield or reduce processing time under specific conditions; however, their environmental performance and ability to preserve compound stability depend on solvent selection, energy and water consumption, process configuration, and downstream requirements. These advances support the sustainable production of rosemary-derived ingredients with promising applications in functional foods and cosmetic formulations.