The resilience of communities to earthquakes is a function of the performance of infrastructure and, specifically, water supply systems in the aftermath of the disaster and their serviceability during the recovery time. Determination of a framework for measuring the resilience of water systems remains a challenge. This paper proposes a framework for measuring multifaceted resilience of water systems, focusing on the significance of characteristics of different communities to the resilience of water supply systems. The proposed framework consists of eight principle activities: (1) developing a conceptual framework, (2) selecting appropriate indicators, (3) refining the indicators based on data availability, (4) correlation analysis, (5) scaling the indicators, (6) weighting the variables, (7) measuring the indicators, and (8) aggregating the indicators. This framework allows researchers to develop appropriate indicators in each dimension and enables decision makers to easily participate in the process and follow the procedure for resilience composite indicator development. The proposed framework has been applied to a hypothetical case to show how the framework works.

An isolate of Aureobasidium pullulans (strain = CG163) and the plant defence elicitor acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) were investigated for their ability to control leaf spot in kiwifruit caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa). Clonal Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa plantlets (‘Hayward’) were treated with ASM, CG163 or ASM + CG163 at seven and one day before inoculation with Psa. ASM (0.2 g/L) was applied either as a root or foliar treatments and CG163 was applied as a foliar spray containing 2 × 10⁷ CFU/mL. Leaf spot incidence was significantly reduced by all treatments compared with the control. The combination of ASM + CG163 had greater efficacy (75%) than either ASM (55%) or CG163 (40%) alone. Moreover, treatment efficacy correlated positively with the expression of defence-related genes: pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1), β-1,3-glucosidase, Glucan endo 1,3-β-glucosidase (Gluc_PrimerH) and Class IV chitinase (ClassIV_Chit), with greater gene upregulation in plants treated with ASM + CG163 than by the individual treatments. Pathogen population studies indicated that CG163 had significant suppressive activity against epiphytic populations of Psa. Endophytic populations were reduced by ASM + CG163 but not by the individual treatments, and by 96–144 h after inoculation were significantly lower than the control. Together these data suggest that ASM + CG163 have complementary modes of action that contribute to greater control of leaf spotting than either treatment alone.